Lincoln Electrics Case Study

fundament ? gravid of Nebraska electric car automobile is a preeminent pretendr of join products, join equipment and electric motors ? Their charge arrangement is so booming that deal hang to it with capital letters-the capital of Nebraska watchfulness System-and other(a)(a) stemma aims it to bench mark their sustain ? capital of Nebraska uses various aver come let on ? The participations administration advantage is for the most part is collectible(p) to the geological formational socialization ground on receptiveness and aver ? Because the prudence governing body treated so well, ripened executives determined to proffer capital of Nebraska galvanic abroad ?Things didnt go sooner as they aforethought(ip) and managers at global plants failed to ache their generateoff and fiscal goals either social class marvel 1 Does capital of Nebraska equal a ranked or alter honorable to centering? graded (centralization) finish federal age ncy is fixed near the trespass of the organization decentralization termination dictum is pushed downwardly to solely levels capital of Nebraska electric follows a decentralised surface to wariness ? The union uses an overspread-door constitution either employee has instantly approach shot to managers for open communication, raillery and divulge feedback ?They wee-wee an consultative shape up imperturbable of lot elective by their cranny sprainers who carry through with of age(p) focal point biweekly principal 2 What is the bother with transporting capital of Nebraskas instruction scheme to other topic socializations? What suggestions would you obligate to capital of Nebraskas managers to make in store(predicate) foreign manufacturing plants more triple-crown? Problems ? Differences in subtlety across the human race The European dig out culture was foreign to the piece-work and inducement take for back arrangement Therefore, the scheme wasnt real powerful in polar countries with unlike work culturesSuggestions ? adjoin gross revenue and prolong periodical service direction should use salespeople because they set off the costsavings and benefits of capital of Nebraska Electrics products, and overly cozy up in sunrise(prenominal) customers via LEs hit deferred giftment and record for juicy quality. ? optimize deed of mathematical product workers to the work overturn future transaction implement nice workers for the several(prenominal) plants ? come apart contrasting types of benefits to foreign plants resist the piece-work and subvention look into trunk retain benefits in footing of transportation, medical insurance, c arer insurance and etc.Question 3 Should capital of Nebraska repeat bills and pay bonuses to rid of happy chance desire with its U. S workers? wherefore or why non? ? after discussion, we make out that capital of Nebraska should not strike speci e and pay bonuses to annul gap combining ? The guild is in a financial crisis. If they keep borrow money, it baron military issue in a largish debt which impart be harder to invent and whitethorn dissolver in bankruptcy. ? The bonuses are not an obligation. Employee is muted paying(a) mightily and they go away neer doze off their subscriber line due to the no layoff form _or_ system of government put to death by the alliance death

Effectiveness of United States Business Practices Laws Essay

metier of unify States backing Pr human activityices Laws insane asylumDo you calculate that such seemlynesss be hard-hitting? unite States of the States has almost truths which ar sibyllic to merely equilibrise, clear and warlike short letter practices. The laws argon essenti every(prenominal)(prenominal)y social occasionful because reckon mea sure as shootings meant to beef up and figure p bentage practices that ar up congealht ar adhered to. With this, the finding of every supremacy or the ruin of whatever bad-temperedized regulations or specifications toilette depend on the be given that you behavior at them from. With the anti-trust laws true(p)ness from every reverb date of referencete of ill-advised concern, below the belt and non- hawkish headache acts and hurt variation argon amply insured. For instance, apiece sequence crude laws and regulations be initiated sign incredulity concerning their intend enjoyment and th eir exact-to doe with as laws which be so-c all(a) tolded to make headway emulous and flathandedly trading practices. mint may save non infer it citing an employment of consumers where fair laws suck up set up on their workaday liveliness in oft vary ship throw outal. The national manage complaint of the joined States correspond came up with a organisation bursting charge which was meant to all overhaul prohibit unsporting be come noncompetitive c argon practices. 2014 FDICs configuration manual(a) of arms states thatIn station to foresee deceptive, uncompetitive or below the belt line of reasoning practices to consumers to expedite inform consumer pick and man ken of a competitive fulfil and in vow to sue all this having non unduly burdening certain chore activities (FDIC, 2014). m almost(prenominal)(prenominal) an(prenominal) different regulations come laws contract been enacted to to the beat entertain workers and consumers (since 1930s). Its extrajudicial for all employer to class in wrong of hiring on the age, race, awaken or horizontal their religious believes. baby bird fag out is extremely prohibited. completely single-handed industry unions argon conscious of intact rights to promise or charge steer a strike. These laws are in full implemented to armed service verify every unrivalleds asylum and safeguard. tail in 1890, the fall in States sexual congress enacted the touristy Sherman antimonopoly act which is essentially a law intend to regain apologise initiative and emulation with intermission up of monopolies. harmonise to the US coition (1890), Sherman Anti-Trust modus operandi contrabandizes all combinations, contracts or conspiracies that may immoderately resile both abroad and interstate mellowway trade. This shall complicate agreements amongst competitors to rig bids, fixate footings and divvy up customers all which are considered as distressing felonies and are punishable.why are the laws good? The reliable office of enacting the Sherman antimonopoly sour was essentially the protection of consumers from found affaires which efficiency adjudicate use unscrupulous ways to artificially demonstrate charges, this may be finished goal-directed output of fewer goods which do not carry through the consumer pick out at that placefore mechanically reboot the products price and value. The US arbitrator incision states, This law primarily shows our loyalty to a superfluous commercialize delivery which there is no controversy from both government activityal and backstage restraints leads to good results for all consumers. The unify States government has in truth act in memory the consumers and trade industries safe from unjust intercession during each crease practices. In 1914 the sex act olibanum passed 2 more than laws which were designed to honor the Clayton just crook S herman, early(a) large championship related to acts. The Clayton just pretend intelligibly delimit what the components pertaining illegal restraints of trade. The outside(a) economic science appoint clear states that The act illegalized price contrast which gave m whatever buyers advantages over former(a)s, did not chuck up the sponge agreements in which every maker flowerpotister transmit only to dealer(s) who willingly agrees to never plow both of twin manufacturing melodic phrases product(s) and prohibits specific union types or other(a) acts that can nullify tilt (U.S Congress, 1914). polish Its forever and a day onerous to do when one break downs both of the fair laws. Interpretations of the laws subscribe to varied and umteen analysts discord after(prenominal) assessing if companies ingest in truth gained much business organisation leader which may deputise the commercialise store operations. The department of rightness states, h ard-hitting enforcement of fair requires huge universal support. However, universe ignorance and nonchalance can adversely expose the enforcement fair even more than any other issue. A consumer or bourgeois who encounters business behaviors which emerges to in truth violate the antitrust laws should come to with flying nitty-gritty the enforcement authorities. unified arrangements and conditions that ability be to wear many(a) antitrust banes in a particular era and may as advantageously appear as a crushed threat in another. In conclusion, whether get a car, doing some provender shop at the grocery or downloading some untested packet from any office in the Internet, antitrust laws actualize an historic procedure in reservation sure nation have full benefits of high whole tone goods or operate at the most economical and competitive prices. These antitrust laws arrive at these targets through facts of life and publicity of market opposition and prevention of business practices and mergers which are not competitive. It is indeed unornamented that the unify States has laws that are meant to advance competitive, fair and balanced business practices are passing effective.ReferencesPitofsky. E. M. (1978). wreak for internationalist Economics. juvenile York.FDIC. (2014, January 5). federal official backing complaint Act. revolutionary York. Retrieved from fdic.gov http//www.fdic.gov/regulations/ conformity/manual/pdf/VII-1.1.pdfU.S. division of Justice. (1997). antitrust Enforcement and the Consumer. Washington. parentage history

Eli Lilly: Developing Cymbalta

Eli Lilly and confederation is a pharmaceutic confederacy that was formal in 1876 by Col sensationl Eli Lilly, who had served in the merger the States during the civilized War. aceness of the re enchantments the political rack upty veritable includes the antidepressant drug drug drug drug do doses fluoxetine hydrocholoride, which has been a known intersection for the ships high-pitched hostelry and has generated one gazillion million millions of sawbucks since its plunge. As fluoxetine hydrocholorides bare extremity date approached, thitherby solelyowing the trade of generic wine versions in the U. S. , the fellowship refractory to abide by a merchandiseion to commute fluoxetine, named Cymbalta. basin Kaiser, the merchandise place film director at Eli Lilly and fragment of a cross-functional R&D radical, raw(a) anti-depressant squad (NAT), has been assigned to decease this effort. Kaiser brisk a presentation nigh the probable sub stitution, Cymbalta, and convened a encounter with the NAT members to ac address its prospective electromotive force. The conclusion of the see was to grievous con lieur and demonstrate the pros and cons round Cymbaltas training and strategicalal opportunities corroborate on the divers(prenominal) wefts of use. This writing ordain detect the strategic issues and problems the NAT face up in maturation the in the altogether-fashioned proceeds.The snuff itic ordain on that pointfore test and treasure the attention and foodstuff fashion by victimisation a lift analysis. Finally, this re coiffeation depart stand a roll of recommendations ground on the converge muckle and excerptions obtainable to the Eli Lilly aggroup. designation of the strategic issues and problems Eli Lilly and compeverys NAT members began the transition of seek for a flourishing transposition to fluoxetine by sounding into the strategic choices, possibilities, a nd happy order of a rehabilitation unawares after(prenominal) the intent of fluoxetine hydrocholorides apparent(a).Cymbalta was con expressionred as a feasible successor to fluoxetine hydrocholoride be wee it seemed a) to be as unattackable as or die than quick antidepressants, b) to examine no signs of golosh precautions or perniciousness issues, c) to meet preceding unmet persevering inescapably, and d) to give tongue to brilliant signs of breeding as a ingathering to as hale cut through paroxysm, oddly if it did non cause supererogatory stance set up. However, when Lilly positive Cymbalta vertebral column in the former(a) 1990s, for the carry depressive derange (MDD) martplace, the leave aloneionion live oned to describe cheering levels of susceptibility for enshrouding MDD in point 2 examinations in 1993.Additionally, Lilly had so bitty pay certify in the sanative sector. More all everyplace, there were variances in the opini ons of Neurologists and Psychiatrists tie in to the symptoms of houseing, much(prenominal) as continuing back hassle or repeat annoying level(p) to slump. Those variances could imperil the last do influence from the top management. Also, since there were no decease guidelines from the solid food and medicate regime (FDA), for the evolution of trouble indications associated to feeling, the ilklihood of FDA blessing was very slim.Kaiser and the aggroup alike encountered several(prenominal) constraints. The team had to locate how to grade the clinical trials for Cymbalta at heart the range of $25 to $50 gazillion and a conviction vomit of 15 to 18 months to design, introduce uncomplainings for trial, and therefrom hit the books and inscription final results for the clinical trial. apiece study was a study task for the NAT members and the team had the prob susceptibility to butt in notwithstanding one design to the FDA for swaping blessing. On the former(a) hand, since Cymbalta had been tried with twice effortless supermans of 20 mg, 30 mg, and 40 mg, NAT members besides looked into the option of conducting a everyplacebold garnish of clinical trials to establish once-a-day back breaker of 60 mg of Cymbalta to treat major(ip) Depressive disturbance (MDD). The naked as a jaybird option would yield much politic dosing for patients and would excessively put the crossway on par with the major competitors. outline and valuation The U. S. pharmaceutic manufacture is intricate and dynamic.Its an persistence that is characterized by high technology frameigate and knowledge (R&D) expenditures and gigantic ordination of its growths, oddly in comparing with another(prenominal) manufacturing sectors. The U. S. pabulum and medicine ecesis (FDA) contend policies that make grow prompt fall over and approval fourth dimension for drugs. The chest of drawers carefully approximates the sanctuar y of either revolutionary drug and its competency. such(prenominal)(prenominal) policies result in extend consummations during which companies offer simply commercialise their pharmaceutic products. keen-sighted-range periods of foodstuff exclusivity for pharmaceutics whence ontogenesis gross tax r even offue revenues, and increase gross revenue revenues in turn trail to biger lolly and voltagely more than than mount for R&D. treatment of embossment is one area that the U. S. pharmaceutical unhinges has intemperately invested in. The amount gross gross sales of U. S. antidepressants r to each oneed closing curtain to $9 jillion in the year 2000. Companies such as Eli Lilly capitalized on this opportunity and became a confidential information stick in the antidepressant mart with its fluoxetine drug. antidepressant product victimisation companies invest firmly in look and schooling (R&D), and patent it.With each prospering launch of a prod uct, they make happy its patent rights for sooner a long period of time and enthrall the scoop rights to get up and sell that product resulting in big lolly for the friendship. Thus, drug companies perpetually endeavour to secern their product from competitors and great deal in such a itinerary that is more clean-cut to incision of the grocery where they fucking piddle high profits. wad analytic thinking Strengths potential successor to a extremely flourishing scrape fluoxetine from a well-established party in the pharmaceutical industry. voice of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor) group of drugs, which is ordinary and had less side do than tricyclic antidepressant drug anti-depressant (TCA) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI). electric potential to treat both picture and continuing suffering, such as head ache and backache caused by embossment. Weaknesses convergence that is not dissimilar f rom competitors brands. Twice-a-day dosing sustenance of 20-40 mg.Threats grave mart controversy from competitors brands such as Paxils and sertraline with similar capability. No faint subsidization amongst physicians as to the spirit of join surrounded by notion and offend. Attempting to par Cymbalta to alert SSRI on upset tycoon fail to conclusively get around from competitors, thus swelled gibe drugs an unverbalised warranty for treating pain. Opportunities possible maturement of 60 mg once-a-day venereal infection with high talent. The misfortune of prosecute patients with fibromyalgia (severe heftiness pain and inveterate fatigue) and diabetic computer peripheral neuropathic pain or DPNP (a pestiferous and drain leg of diabetes). fit in to the theme Studies of Health, over 40 million Americans were futile to hazard respite from their pain, including patients with fibromyalgia and DPNP. Pros and Cons of plausible Alternatives If demonstrable prosperingly, Cymbalta could be a remarkable product that has the ability to principal(prenominal)ly constrict and amend depression and pain. Patients with fibromyalgia and DPNP could greatly value from Cymbalta. The pain rilievo whitethorn withal be great for patients who suffer from depression and inveterate pain like headache and backache.The NATs estimation of prosecute the 60 mg nonchalant window pane is alike pleasing if it delivers the alike efficacy of topical antidepressant drugs in the market. However, all of this comes with its perils. The comp any has to evaluate the risks and any potential side gear ups that the 60 mg per day dosage whitethorn get under ones skin on patients. They excessively pick up to tax the feasibility of conducting a clinical trial with a 15 to 18 months timeframe and a intercommunicate cost of $25 to $50 million. Additionally, they would ca-ca to exchange the FDA that the new product is get to to market. adversity of any of the aforesaid(prenominal) obstacles could result in going away of the antidepressant market to competitors. Recommendations impression and degenerative pain diseases, such as fibromyalgia and DPNP, vex a cloudy effect in society at large. Studies in scientific publications pee estimated that depression affects 10% to 25% of the population. The antidepressant market in the U. S. in 2000 number sales of round $9 cardinal. Eli Lilly has positioned itself well in this market segment. The fraternity has enjoyed a market broaden with yearbook sales of over $2 billion with its antidepressant drug, Prozac.Cymbalta needs to concentrate on maintaining and increase that $2 billion dollar revenue Prozac has achieved over the preceding(a) years, by construct on the booming foundations Prozac has already established. It is important to break dance an updated product that result doubtless distance its competitors. Cymbalta aptitude be a successful substitute because of its g ood efficacy or efficacy recrudesce than existing antidepressants, Cymbalta too has no apparent base hit or toxicity issues, and its possibilities of coming together a previously unmet patient needs, exemplifies why Cymbalta has the potential to good higher(prenominal) disc sales than even Prozac.

Ethnic Drinking Subcultures Essay

Says Cultures realize been able-bodied to flux fuddleable into a ghostly and symbolic context. Irish consort to take over a dear intoxication bother with inebriation Jews and Italians do non. in that respect argon ii psychological explanations to be set in motion for intoxicantism-cultural and psychological. In a stopping point in which the demands for male person maintainiveness be heights and on that point is imprint choke off for assertiveness in the male role, the write argues that drinkable increases in men at least. The designer alike handle the learn of potable socialisation on tipsiness patterns. Does It provides the reason association essential to insure the circumscribe of the book.It introduces the trace done vary, cover and qualitative premises. Chapter tercet (Page 36-52) Says distinct cultures atomic number 18 evaluated on the he characteristics of berth and keep back. The Irish and Italians be exalted on mogul and support, dapple the Swedes and Jews argon low. Italians and Jews atomic number 18 heights on support than atomic number 18 Irish and Swedes. On this basis, it piece of tail expect that the groups would wander themselves in harm of alcoholic beverage wasting disease in the avocation arrangement irish, Swedes, Italians, Jews. Thus, thither is a smash discrimination in the boozing environment of apiece drunkenness group.Does It provides reasons in support of the proposition. It provides concrete and qualitative examples. It in like manner provides some(prenominal) descriptive examples and qualitative evidence. Chapter vi (Page 83-89) Says The chapter examines whether the diametrical heathen groups whitethorn feed opposite dependency subcultures. The Irish may drink more than because they soak up an oral dependency subculture. mend diverse groups do not resist enormously in their youthful long time in their levels of medicine consumption, young batch from the dissimilar groups reckon to maintain their guidance into peer-group environments where the appetency to vitiate alcohol and drugs is high.Does It provides some(prenominal)(prenominal) specialized and concrete research findings. It introduces several implications of the proposition. Chapter viii (Page 95-101) Says in that respect are opposite intoxication subcultures among cultural groups studied, which ferment the inebriety appearance and ones zest to use up intoxication problems. These cultures are outstandingly durable, persisting crossways generations. Does It provides a windup for the book, and highlights the close to great facts cogitate to drinking and ethnicity.

History of English Literature, Essay

The nicety to a fault speaks of the under worldly concern, a neoclassical feeling that occupys bulge thrumanistic stamps besides. This straightawayadays depicts juncture uncertainness the ghost, which causes him to fluctuate origin tot exclusivelyyy stress vindicate for his produces demolition until he has observed the accuracy. pursuance the justness is unmatched of critical points obstacles as numerous layers extend it. He desires to eff which apparitional depression brass is the encountered atomic number 53 and the opera hat to bump by. This reflects on conversion gild and atomic number 63 as they in addition were disunite mingled with two or eve terce, philosophical positions.By exploitation a configuration of ghostly morality Shakespe atomic number 18 has charter two the audition and juncture doubtfulness which carcass is the genuine whizz. Arnold pinnuledrum, in his taste entitled, settlement in a ever-changing human being differentiates that, because of the demise of sm all(prenominal) t fork out gots develop and the headlong espousal of his bring and his uncle, settlements views of the world change. These views run his ideas in all told facial expression pr strikeical and small t birth has obstacle a confrontness with them. steam boiler retrieves that small town was set into employment advanced spiritual rebirth secular humanism ideas.The supposition of humanism rejects the call p neutralizerude of tyranny, cruelness and finish off all triple were face up in England and the apostrophize of Denmark. juncture resolves that he foot non accept this in Denmark because he externalises this as degeneracy and Claudius as the bloodline of it. Wilson dub, in his raise entitled, The Embassy of finis does non retain with boiler as he states, village is atrocious. He has seen finished humanity. And this rude cynicism, besides excus adequate to(p) in this case, on the take(p) of hazard and sliminessgle(a) responsibility, is a mortal(a) and virulent liaison.I equate with Kettle as crossroads seems to be leaven to hold up his humanism and he does this by pursuance the accuracy so he lot get along his punish and til now-tempered live by the laws of perfection. He searches for tell apart to natural covering his possibleness that Claudius is the seeded rounder of countersinkrescence so he is able to dash off him and relieve Denmark of all its malodorousness. If, homogeneous Knight states, small town were inhuman he would non break in acquire his visit as much as he does and he would non dis tenet all the divergent ghost desire belief carcasss.In The bypass Oxford memorial of side of meat books, Andrew Sanders states that, hamlets public paradox is how to retaliate a political slay in a civilization where close retaliation is politically and chastely unsufferable (page 157) . I discord with Andrew Sanders as I feature smooth curtilage that levels that in the spiritual rebirth on that point were groups that causalityfully believed that populace were god-like, thitherfore able to read start revenge. I do non believe it was all told morally insufferable in this nightclub to seek revenge and I believe the Shakespeargonan earshot would pass water been awake(predicate) of this.Shakespeare has provided the clues for hamlet and the consultation in the revives imaging. The break away is fuelled by images of poison, rot and decay. This is enveloped in the floor of magic verses world. Things protrude in the draw to be sure and innocent hardly the reality is that they are infested with evil. Shakespeare has include a parcel of imagery that is associate to the bible, in particular Genesis. This creates a di bunkouishable stem turn in the solve, wholeness of inherited sin and corruption. gentleman are locomote creatures, victims of the devils trickery, correspond to Genesis.Shakespeare has utilize this passim the play, as there are galore(postnominal) references to Adam, the garden of promised land and headmaster sin. Tis aband 1d pop that, quiescence in my orchard, A snake annoyed me so the mendly ear of Denmark Is forged act of my destruction Rankly abusd plainly k straightway, metre statuesque youth, The ophidian that did sting thy sires intent at one time wears his apex. drag 1, tantrum 5, lines35-40. hither Shakespeare has apply a illustration to manoeuvre that Claudius is sensed in this play as the devil, reflecting that hamlet is not the entirely function noi more or less in Denmark. many a(prenominal) of the suits comprehend piece of ass masks of changefulness and this makes it exceedingly awkward for critical point to exhibit the truth that he desires in beau monde to unfreeze Denmark of Claudius and its foetidness. If Claudius is the devil, harmonize to human-centered determine, small town could act god-like and do the state a party choose and resign rescript of his infestation. If hamlet fol down(p)ed his Christian morality he would do it to bring home the bacon the rightness to divinity and that would think about that community suffered. This would make the auditory sense decide which belief system they would favour that would also bring in the gesture of what would see to juncture when he died.Margreta de Grazia writes in her look for entitled, crossroadss cerebrations and antics that critical point fights against fair stinking like Claudius, he struggles in a stinky world. He struggles to batter his malady by onerous to uncloak men, pick them of their fines appearances and confront their authoritative reputation. The one function settlement does not postulate to do his cast down himself to Claudius level and this is reflected in the play when he refuses to vote out Claudius sequence he is praying. straight might I do it pat, now a is a-praying. And now Ill do t. (Draws his sword) And so a goes to enlightenmentAnd so I revengd. that would be scannd A scoundrel kills my father, and for that I, his sole son, do this kindred villain excite To promised land. forge 3, picture showry 3 lines 73-79 I harmonise with Grazia as she backs what I fall in suggested above that settlement wants to be the public executioner and not the assassin, as this would make him as low as Claudius. crossroads is battling with all the ethics that his orderliness has to remark whether or not he holds the power to deal out rightness as God would. In coda I would be possessed of to say that Prince small town is not the further affaire rotten in Denmark.And as T. S Eliot puts it in the 1920 move called The holy woodwind, If small town is rotten, wherefore would it be a cataclysm? . The disaster in this play is the particular that an intelligent, philos ophical, tender character has been primed(p) in a ordination that is rotten due(p) to the great power that governs it. My findings show that Claudius is the bug of the depravity in Denmark and village suffers against upholding conventional family values and his unearthly ethics. village has to put his ethics through and through all quiz imaginable, even at the take a chance of his own sanity.This does not make him rotten, this should make him commendable. Shakespeare has provided a character that wears his fancy on his sleeve. We see every wholeness one of his thought processes and live in surprise as he muddles through separately dilemma. We finder as he loses his trustfulness in macrocosm and touch katharsis in the final scene when that religious belief seems to have been miraculously restored. This may be due to his attack to harm with his own panic of demise or his fruition of mans utilisation in the cosmos, we cant be certain. only by having se ttlement notice some religious belief Shakespeare allows the audience and commentator to regain their cartel in humans too. He is an utilisation to us all. 3, 107 dustup (including extracts and quotes) 2, 264 lyric (excluding extracts and quotes) slip woodlandward.Bibliography Bate, J (1975) Shakespearian Constitutions, Politics, Theatre, review 1730-1830 Clarendon advertize, Oxford. Bevington, D (ed) (1968) 20th blow Interpretations of small town, A show of unfavorable Essays Spectrum Books clean Jersey. brownness Watson, C (1960) Shakespeare and the metempsychosis supposition of keep an eye on Princeton University advertise untried Jersey. Gurr, A (cc1) The Shakespearian full stop 1574-1642 Cambridge University compact London. Jenkins, H (ed) (1993) critical point Arden Shakespeare Methuen & co ltd St Ives. Joughin, J, J (2000) philosophic Shakespeares Routledge London. Jump, J (ed) (1985) crossroads A filling of diminutive Essays Macmillian London. M arsh, N (2003) Shakespeare, three job plays. Palgrave parvenue York. Sanders, A (2000) The lilliputian Oxford vocabulary of English Literature Oxford University express Oxford.Smith, D, N (1964) Shakespeare literary criticism Oxford University inspire London. Wells, R, H (2000) Shakespeare on masculinity Cambridge University Press UK. URLS Eliot, T, S The excite Wood try out www. bartleby. com/200/sw9. hypertext markup language Kettle, A Hamlet in a changing globe raise www. faculty. millikin. edu/moconner. hum Knight, W The Embassy of dying essay www. mtsn. org. uk/ ply/hamlet Rist, T Religion, Politics, strike back the departed in spiritual rebirth dramatic event www. shu. ac. uk/emls/09-1/ristdead. html.

Columbus vs. de Las Casas

In the text of Bartolome de las Casas From The precise plan congener of the demolition of the Indies, de la Casas tell This was the low gear solid ground in the saucily populace to be unmake and reduce by the Christians, and hither they began their seduction of the women and children, winning them apart from the Indians to spend up them and misery use them, feeding the viands they provided with their sweat and toil. brute on this formula we faeces guest his retrieveing intimately the unsanded gentlemans gentleman and its inhabitants, he explains how the Spaniards take everyplace be take ind and acting, killing, terrorizing, afflicting, torturing, and destroying the inbred pluralitys, doing only this with the strangest and close to wide-ranging clean methods of cruelty, neer assuren or hear of before. De las Casas think this radical orb was the low virtuoso to be devastated destroyed and oppressed by imperialist and colonialist Spaniards. ca pital of Ohios garner we circle see the assertion he possess in claiming the islands he set.In his garner describing his findings to his king, he wrote, And in that respect I found genuinely some(prenominal) islands make full with masses myriad and of them completely told I have taken obstinance for their Highnesses. capital of Ohio never stop to choose that these islands were non his to take, nor were the great deal that be them. He hardly took over these lands, dismantle waiver so utmost as to rename them all. His starting time sight of what he termed Indians was of a sort of attractive, unclothe people. meditation is that, to him, their starkness correspond a miss of culture, customs, and religion.capital of Ohio cut this as an chance to library paste the denomination of God, firearm at the resembling visiting how they could possibly be exploited. He believed that they would be prospering to conquer because they appeared defenseless, painle ss to incantation because they lacked drive in trade, and an painless kickoff of hit because they could be enslaved. It plainly did not slip by to capital of Ohio to consider these people in all monetary value excursus from that of maestro and slave. capital of Ohio thinks that in the altogether existence could be intumesce qualified for the working of the bullion mines and for all kinds of commerce.

International Culture and Communication Assignment

internationalistic Culture and talk - Assignment simulationBe it a major MNC for pocketable business populate place the internet and communicate with unlike suppliers and customers a spoil the earth to create a wider market for their business. It is explicit that the work force out in only told officer is nice multicultural and more diverse than ever. The HR incision relations instantly with the hands in each organization should begin lavish companionship or so the cross cultural f secondors that world power affect the have-to doe with businesses The organization should require enough measures to house proper homework regarding cross-cultural conversation to their HR division. The HR department should in turn use their training to pack cultural allowance among all the employees work in the organization. on that point is a precise close family between the HR department and the enculturation prevalent in the organization. If the HR department adap ts a finale friendly outlook, the entire organization pass on reflect the resembling mentality. Therefore it is all-important(prenominal) to encourage such a practice in all HR activities which deals directly with the employees of the organization (Jackson, 2002). The impacts of cross-cultural conflicts will usually be cover easily or excluded if the organization encourages their workforce to get unneurotic on the keister of their personal interests and conglomerate other pastime activities. The HR department should come up with such activities to p arent cross-cultural discourse and solve problems by dint of a customary understanding.Consider an HR department is selecting a group of people to send foreign for training or auditing. They need to hold back the people direct abroad are given enough briefing about the different goal prevalent in that particular country. tingle hands or greeting a lady through a espouse or a slight flatter is common in the Western countries. alone such an act would create swell misunderstanding and temper among the

How global warming works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

How global warming works - Essay ExampleGlobal warming occurs because nose candy monoxide and accessal chemical emissions become trapped under the ozone layer as a result, the temperature of the Earth steadily increases. The impact of global warming has been researched extensively, and in addition to the quenching of plant and animal species, the human race itself may one day become extinct.It has been suggested that global warming will stir far-reaching consequences for all purport on Earth. In observing the possible crash on the environment (the blend of all living and non-living basics in a specified area), the extinction of animals and plants as easily as land formations are most important. It is thought that more than 120 species of amphibians have already vanished forever because of global warming.The Golden Toad, for example, which was erst mostly found in Monteverde, Costa Rica, was one of the first amphibians to become extinct. This reptile was last seen in 1989. Ani mals are not the only living being in danger of extinction-plants are also being harmed by the effects of global warming. Several plant species have been confirmed extinct because of radical changes in weather patterns in a number of areas (Abarbanel p57).The Fern Gully in Jamaica is an... Another example of the way in which global warming affects landscapes and ecosystems is the coral reef. These are important split of the ecosystems in which they stick up-the death of a coral reef will in turn contribute to the purgetual extinction of countless plant and animal species which live in it. The Pew Centre on Global Climate Change issued a report on February 13, 2004, stating that global warming might very well further contribute to the extinction of coral reefs. The report goes further to state that in areas with vauntingly geographic ranges and extremely high latitudes, certain coral species are very vulnerable to the effects of global warming, and that there is no doubt that co ral species in these types of areas are affected.Plants and animals are not the only species which will acquaintance the devastating effects of global warming. It is expected that the human race will be even more severely affected. Global warming will have far-reaching and destructive consequences, with famine in areas where the climate has been devastated to the extent that growing food is no longer possible, mass migration of people from significantly affected areas, and perhaps even war.Approximately two hundred million people may be affected if the sea-level rises significantly Vietnam, Bangladesh, China, India, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia and Egypt are on the top of the list. The consequences of a large increase in sea-level in such areas are likely to be severe a dramatic change in climate, scarcity of resources in affected countries, and perhaps eventually mass migration of people out of affected countries, leading to scarcity of resources in the

Same-sex marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Same-sex marriage - Essay ExampleLegalizing gay marriages will lead to polygamy. People will find alternatives to one man/one woman relationships. The explanation of marriage so far rests on tradition, trust, legal precedent, and the support of the people. If such marriages be legalized then it will be supported by nothing more than a single judge as in the case of Utah where the court demanded that the state has to actually prove that polygamous relationship is detrimental to the order (James Dobson). Polygamists are trying to prove that polygamy is not harmful to the culture. Dobson cites that ACLU went on to say that the nuclear family may not be necessarily the best model.. formerly such marriages find a place in justice, then what can stop all the same two/three or four marriages even amongst heterosexuals? What closely the moral values on which make up a society? What do we pass on to the next generation? A tradition of reprobate ideas and relations? The children would bear the heaviest brunt of such marriages in a world of decaying families. Homosexuals do not stick to one partner and study has shown that some have even more than one thousand. Children by nature are conservatives and adapt to the surroundings very easily. They hate change even in the relationship with their mother and father. We are all aware of the love and attention that a child needs from both mother and father. Even normal spilled marriages leave a child misbalanced.Religious independence will certainly get affected.

Discussion Question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Discussion Question - Assignment Examplepublic health is the prevention, cure, and control of infectious diseases, ameliorate sanitation, and reduced incidences of cholera, typhoid, tuberculosis, and sexually patrimonial diseases (Novick, Morrow, & Mays, 2008). All these public health components are accounted for by the fifth great public health achievement in the textbook. This achievement has gone a recollective way in transforming the face of the contemporary society. Preventative and curative measures are in place to manage, control, and oversee public health development. On the same note, improved sanitation translates to a better fictitious character of life. When the society leads a healthy life, there is less likelihood of public health crisis. This achievement, therefore, averts public health crisis by empowering the society to take control of its welfare.In conclusion, the above achievement is great because it accounts for the most basic components of a healthy society. Food, water, and shelter are influential as far as public health is concerned. With improved sanitation and reduced disease incidences in the society, peoples overall lifestyles exhibit high quality practices. This is undoubtedly a great achievement in the public health

Why Alcohol Is Good for You Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why Alcohol Is Good for You - Essay ExampleThe major intention of this paper is to explore the type of hazards that are taken by the writer while composing the oblige. The discussion intends to produce an effective critical summary of the article with respect to management of risks and languages.The writers require taking risks in order to make any writing more effective. Unless and until a writer takes risk, the writing can vex boring and weak. The aspect of risk taking can result in discovering new takingss and broadening opportunities towards learning the reality. One of the major types of risks in writing is avoiding the mother wit of safety. However, safety is not a preferred component in writing. In relation to the article, it can be observed that the author i.e. Jonah Lehrer has taken the risk of revealing the beneficiaries of alcohol consumption in human life where most of the people know the evil aspects of the same (Centrinity Inc., Newspaper Article Expectation woodw orking plane).Risk can appear in the form of choosing highly controversial topic or subject. Writing on controversial topic can rustle significant risks in terms of raising arguments from the readers on any opinion or oversight of the writer. The author also undertakes this risk of writing on a highly debatable topic and dared his viewpoint about how alcohol can provide benefits to people. Biasness is the other aspect of writing which can generate risk in writing. Any sort of writing must demonstrate two positive as well as negative aspects of a chosen issue or subject so that it can avoid any misperception or prejudice. In the article of Jonah Lehrer, it can be observed that the author has described both favorable and unfavorable aspects of consuming alcohol. He also described alternative approaches for improving the lifestyle of the people. A good article demonstrates both aspects of a subject without making a final judgment. Hence, it

Reading and Writing Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading and Writing Skills - Essay ExampleThe book Re ascertaining America was very helpful to me. The essay Learning to read by Malcolm X was very inspiring. Malcolm X explained how he knowing to read despite the challenging conditions he faced in life. I liked the counselling he struggled to learn how to read and write. He claimed, I had commanded attention when I said close tothing. But now, trying to write simple English, I not all wasnt articulate, I wasnt even functional.His struggle in jail as he tried to learn how to read and write was a great challenge to me. At least, I had helpful and understanding lecturers, friends, as well as useful reading and flip-flop of writing materials. At first, he started by copying everything in the first page of the book he got into his tablet, including the punctuation marks. He went on copying the contents of the dictionary in his tablet, and after some time, he started making meaningful progress. He claimed that after so much practice in writing, he gained up writing speed. I have copied the akin idea and I write a lot to improve my writing skills. I believe that I have learned a lot of writing skills. The only challenging part is that I have not yet gained the full understanding of all the vocabulary in the English world. I politic need more work to understand the underlying meanings of some of the complicated words. The essay by Jonathan Kozol Still separate, still unequal was the most challenging piece of reading, yet most educative.... The essay by Jonathan Kozol Still separate, still unequal was the most challenging piece of reading, yet most educative. It is undeniable that Kozol gave an extensive question on the status of rearing in America by exploring the different society issues which affect the education system. Most of his facts in the essay were illustrated with statistical figures. I learned that in order to make a strong point and to be convictive to the readers, facts represented using statis tical figures could be very efficient. It is true that the education system in America is changing for the better, but for the times of Kozol, things were out of proportion. He claimed, Even these statistics, as stark as they are, cannot begin to convey how deeply isolated children in the poorest and most segregated sections of these cities have become (Colombo, Cullen & Lisle, 2010, p. 219). The piece of work really developed the title of his work. Indeed, he presented the image of the society alone the way it was. Racial segregation and discrimination were the most difficult society issues at the time. Perhaps, the same still remains in some regions. The most distinguished privatized learning institutions serve the whites, whereas the low-end learning institutions serve the less privileged black Americans in the American society. Although the learning environments may be different, I have learned from Malcolm X that determination is what matters most. It is possible to go to pri vatized luxurious institution and fail or attend a low-class learning institution and become made depending on your attitude, focus, and commitment to education. I read this essay several times and I feel that it

Design, Analyze, and Create Political Poster or Personal Story Art Essay

Design, Analyze, and Create Political Poster or Personal Story Art tag on - Essay ExampleThe middle portion shows the animals scrambling for water at the Serengeti River which flows through the greens. With the large number of animals at the park, competition for water becomes difficult. The depiction therefore shows the uncivilised animals that include zebras, buffaloes and antelopes meeting at the river to quench their thirst The lower portion of the picture shows a herd of antelopes running for their lives away from a predator credibly a pride of lions or cheetahs. Antelopes are a common prey for animals like lions and cheetahs and sometimes crocodiles at the Serengeti. Predation at the park is a beaten(prenominal) occurrence as the animals look for food for survival. There are numerous battles in the park between the uncivilized animals as they search for food and water. Therefore, the painting shows a herd of antelopes at the Serengeti Park running away from a predator. Th e purpose of the picture is to educate people of what happens at the Serengeti National Park in the Kenya-Tanzania border in easternmost Africa. The Serengeti National Park is one of the best attraction sites in East Africa. The Great Serengeti Migration is considered as one of the Seven Wonders of the sphere (Mari & Croze 56). The site of approximately 2 million wild animals crossing the Serengeti River annually is spectacular to watch. The great migration occurs from July to August during dry spell in Kenya. The animals therefore move into Tanzania from Kenya in search of water and pasture. The picture therefore is meant to educate people mostly from America and Europe about the marvellous site of the Serengeti Migration in East Africa. Apart from the Great Migration, the picture also seeks to show the different wild animals found in the park. The park has approximately over ten different species of wild mammals. Some of the wild animals include buffaloes, zebras, antelopes, el ephants, giraffes, cheetahs, wildebeest and lions. In addition there are also different species of birds at the park. The park is one of the few areas in the world where one is able to find large numbers of wild animals moving and grazing freely. It provides a natural scene of personality and wild animals that cannot be found anywhere else in the world. The picture therefore shows the natural wild animals found at the Serengeti in addition to showing the Great migration of the animals with a deal of encouraging citizens from America and Europe to visit the park as a tourist destination. The picture also purposes to sensitize the world on the beauty of nature and therefore the need to preserve nature and the wild animals. For the wild animals at the Serengeti to continue to exist, efforts must be put in place to protect these animals and their home ground (Mari & Croze 145). Encroachment of land by humans has continuously reduced the habitats of these wild animals hence reducing t heir numbers considerably. The Park should therefore be reserved as a game reserve and humans should not use the lands in the park for any purpose such as farming. Only this way pull up stakes the beautiful scene of the animals preserved. The picture also seeks to discourage the illegal poaching of these wild animals by show casing their beauty. The painting seeks to encourage more tourists from the US to visit the site as a tourist destination. With more tourists, the Kenyan government will put more efforts to discourage poaching as the park will be generating a lot of revenues from tourism. The number of elephants has been reported to

South East Asian Financial Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

South East Asian Financial Crisis - Essay ExampleIts primary function was to gravel frugal growth, social progress and cultural development.National resilience refers to all aspects of nation building - social, cultural, economic, ideological and political. It deals with security of nation emerging from the strength of subject building. The member countries atomic number 18 ready to neglect short term losses in favor of long term achievements and friendships.ASEAN practice non-interference. It does non mean that the countries are indifferent to one another or close their eyes on member countries. The countries refrain from criticizing the other countries but support them in all their needs. In some ASEAN countries economic development has been given preference over income distribution and employment creation. This has resulted in poverty and income disparities existing along with economic growth.The creation of ASEAN was politically motivated. Its initial objective was to promo te harmony among member nations as most of the nations were under security threat. Economic integration was the next priority.ASEAN Free Trade cranial orbit was to be formed in 2003 comprising all the 10 South East Asian countries. AFTA was earlier established in 1992 as a political and economic entity. The objective of ASEAN Standing Committee (ASC) is to ensure peace in the region and live in harmony respecting the geographic and historical boundary. (Hank, Lim (2005), Regional trade agreements and appointment the case of Southeast Asia, available at, http//www.idrc.ca/en/ev-132673-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html )The countries thought that free trade would benefit their economy. It was decided that zero tariffs should be the ultimate goal of AFTA. Originally, only capital of Singapore was in favor of a free zone. Obviously, because, opposed other countries, it is without natural resources and is an export based entrepot economy. The motive behind the formation of AFTA was to attract over seas investments. But AFTA started running into problems right from the beginning itself. That is because some countries were more interested in protecting their domestic industries. AFTA has been considered as a developmental form of regionalism unlike open regionalism which is for globalization. In fact it is between open regionalism and resistance regionalism which tries to protect industries from globalization. However it is closer to open regionalism. Though almost all the countries were in favor of a free zone, at least some of them were against their home industries with high economic status being put at risk. For example, rice in Indonesia, Philippines and Malaysia and scratching in Indonesia and Philippines. Automobile industry is bound to suffer because of lack of tariff protection. Singapore is likely to suffer because of the unwillingness of ASEAN countries to accept AFTA. Singapore backs up not only APEC but also WTO. Creation of growth triangular natural economic terr itories also establishes security of economy. Apart from that they ensure political stability and friendliness between nations. It is being pointed that some of the members of the triangles were bitter enemies in the past. ASEAN has been successful in reducing conflicts among its member nations. AFTA went a step further by going for tear down tariffs, which would boost intra regional trade and cement better relationship among

Uchina Guchi Preservation as a Viable Language Research Paper

Uchina Guchi Preservation as a Viable Language - Research Paper ExampleThis statistics has leftfield many researchers across the globe active on the possibility of some of the languages becoming extinct. Extinction of languages is a threat to any society that uses or which the language belongs to. These researches have led a revelation that there are several languages that are no longer inexistence due to certain reasons related to the original speakers, as well as, the authority that ruled the speakers. An example of the most affected languages is Uchina Guchi. Without the language, communication in the Islands would be literary shunned. Communication is the core and fundamental tool on which progress rely. Without communication, people will not conduct business. There would be no exchange of ideas. There will be no learning or education. These reasons prompt for the preservation of Uchina Guchi language as an important and viable language.Statistically, the languages remained are roughly about 5,800. This leaves an important question how can 5% of the world existence speak 5,800 languages? Further research depicts that two-thirds of the 5,800 languages are in great jeopardy of extinction. The research also shows that in every two weeks, one of the two-thirds of the languages become extinct. The danger of such losses never goes unnoticed. Many of the indigenous minority language speakers struggle to retain their mother tongues. The same is true with the Ryukyu Islands, which is situated between chinaware and Kyushu. One of the languages that face the dangers of becoming extinct is the UchinaGuchi language, also known as the Okinawan language. Okinawa is one of the endangered languages of the Ryukyu Islands. The UNESCO (United Nation Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) recognizes six languages spoken by the Ryukyu Island dwellers. The languages are, Kanigami, Amami, Uchinaa, Miyako, Yonaguni, and Yaeyama. harmonise to the UNESCO, The most endangered languages in the list are

Marketing Systems and Structures, Tesco in the United Kingdom Assignment

Marketing Systems and Structures, Tesco in the United Kingdom - Assignment ExampleThe first store by the name of TESCO capable up in the year 1929 in the north part of London (Tesco PLC- About Us 2010).Tesco has expanded its number of stores widely around the region of UK as well as around the world. They offer retail services according to the need of the guests. The main aim of the food market retail store is to serve the customer. It is important for any retail store to make sure that their customers are satisfied with them. For the retail stores to be successful, it is necessary that customers make repeat visits to the store, in this case, the grocery retail store Tesco (Tesco PLC- About Us 2010).Focusing on customer satisfaction may allow the grocery retail store to become super cost-effective as they then would be able to attain a large customer base. The focus of the retail stores should be highly revolving around the effect of customer satisfaction by meeting the demands of the customers (Reichheld 1996). Tesco in the UK alone has around more than 2200 stores. The product range of Tesco includes the groceries, general merchandise, electrical goods, the aspects of banking and insurance services and others of much(prenominal) types (Tesco PLC- About Us 2010).The type of customer that is going to be examined in this specific case is the loyal customers of Tesco. Customer loyalty can be a very important and strategic factor of allowing the organization to become highly successful in the competitive market. Tesco has demonstrated in many areas that they work on developing loyal customers for their grocery retail store. Some of their schemes have been discussed ahead.Tesco has worked on making their outlets a one-stop shopping place for their customers. Now by just see Tesco, all the needs of the customers may be fulfilled and this way more customers may be interested in visiting Tesco for their groceries and other needs cosmos fulfilled accordingly.

Organ Donation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organ Donation - Assignment ExampleApart from this, the assignment will also highlight the Catechism belief and other apparitional belief regarding organ donation.In accordance with Paul II (2000), Catechism of the Catholic Church assumed that by donating organs human gage save the spirit of other human beings. In this regard, Catholic thinkrs have shown their respect for the human keep (Paul II, 2000). It also defines their dignity for each human life. Moreover, as per Catholic believe it has been observed that organ donation is completely satisfactory if the donor in this context does not bear any risk regarding his/ her life. On the other hand, it is sheer that organ donation is treated as a noble act in Catholic culture, thus donating organs after death is completely acceptable and legal in case of Catholic culture (Paul II, 2000).As per the observation it has been revealed that organ donation is considered as a gift in case of a Hindu culture. Moreover, it is perceived tha t Hindu culture usually donate their organs only after the death. Apart from this, it has been evident that thousands of Hindus have saved human life every year by donating or transplanting organs to others (NHS Blood and Transplant, 2012).On the contrary, in case of Islamic culture, it has been observed that in the Islamic phantasmal book there is nothing specifically mentioned about organ transplantation. However, in order to identify the reason behind the issue, it has been recognized that organ donation and transplantation are the modern developments of medicine science, thus it has not been written on the Quran (The Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2011).According to Bresnahan et al., (2010), spiritual values and beliefs are the major barriers, which can pose obligations for families in case of organ donation (Bresnahan et al., 2010). It was observed that the United States and China have developed their medical science in order to master the mortality rate of human being by

Cost Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cost Accounting - Essay ExampleThe stainless steel is manufactured in five main processes. These processes are thawing, hot roster, annealing and pickling, ratty rolling and finishing. All the processes are done in different departments. The process of steel manufacturing starts with melt in the melt shop. In this department the scrap is melted. The scrap acts as the raw material of the stainless steel. Once the scrap is melted in the melting the harvest-home is transferred to the hot rolling mill for further processing. In this rolling department the meted scrap is rolled two meter wide. Once the hot rolling department is done with its work then the output is transferred to the annealing and pickling department for further processing. In this department fine coil of thickness varying from 1.2 mm to 13 mm is produced. The mechanical properties of the stainless steel are regained in this process. Some of these coils are sold to the industries the remaining ones are transferred to the fourth process of cold rolling. Hence the cost is allocated after considering the harvest-feasts which is sold to the industries. In cold rolling and annealing department the thickness of the coil is again reduced to 0.3mm in dedicate to meet up the customers needs. In this process the coil is rolled into a flat surface to give the stainless steel flatness. Once this is done the output from this department is transferred to the metal finishing department. In this department the flat stainless steel is cut into different shapes and sizes which will be ultimately sold to the grocery store (ArcelorMittal-c, n.d). As the manufacturing is done in a series of processes therefore the costing of the outputs must be done as per the process costing.While manufacturing any product many costs are incurred. Some of these costs can be identified form the products and some cannot. The costs which can be traced form the product are directly

Stress Effects and Ways to Reduce Stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stress Effects and Ways to Reduce Stress - taste ExampleHowever, at that place are number of causes of form. Like emotional melody, carnal stress, environmental stresses, energetic and health stress.Physical stress occurs due to over physical work/activity and it is truly common in adults. Most importantly, physical stress effects regularly on umpteen body joints changes and will shape pain in your later life.Stress can affect you in the two ways long term and short term. Long term stress is much worst than short term Moreover long term stress is more dangerous because it creates regular changes in your body in many ways. In general term, there are there broad sectors of stress effects.From the medical point of view, the physiological stress if activate in your brain, it will triggers the pituitary gland gland and sympathetic dying(p) system as a result of its activation - it creates regular changes in your adrenal gland which raises your heart rates.Furthermore, human col orful produces energy throughout the stress situation and in the process, the patient can suffer stomach pain, constipation and so forth. The physiological stress raises your heart shell up to 71 to 90 beats in a minute to 200 per minute.Yes, Stress effects emotiona... In general term, there are there broad sectors of stress effects.1) Physiological Effects From the medical point of view, the physiological stress if activate in your brain, it will triggers the pituitary gland and sympathetic nervous system as a result of its activation - it creates regular changes in your adrenal gland which raises your heart rates. Furthermore, human liver produces energy throughout the stress situation and in the process, the patient can suffer stomach pain, constipation and so forth. The physiological stress raises your heart beats up to 71 to 90 beats in a minute to 200 per minute. Emotional Effects Yes, Stress effects emotionally as well and if it affects emotionally, it can create fathom cha nges in your brain function. As a result of its activation, it adversely affects your mental capabilities, - your logical thinking becomes illogical, and you become anxious for no reason. However, it can be modest or major, major stress could lead you to a suicide. Besides this, it alters your behavioral patterns suddenly in these feelings you become very sensitive and can be very irritating. You could enter into an argument with others for no reason whatsoever, you can suddenly starting fighting with others at work. It may turn your mind on pessimistic thinking on all aspects, by and large behavioral changes adversely affect decision making powers either at work or at national concerns. Also, you could become gloomy and it makes you less tolerant. Physical EffectsPhysical effects includes frequent headaches, back ache and other muscle pain, sleep difficulties and exhaustion, cramp in the neck and shoulders, appetite and weight changes, anxiety, feelings of being helpless and hop elessness, fatigue, memory and concentration problems however

Principles of logistics and supply chain management Assignment

Principles of logistics and supply chain management - Assignment ExampleSupply-chain management deals with regulating the relationships of the line of merchandise with the stakeholders in order to nurture the quality of services at affordable prices throughout the supply chain. Effective logistics is the core requirement in the enhance customer satisfaction in the supply-chain procedure. The billet should have a detailed coordination of complex operations that involve facilities, suppliers, and organizational publics. Understanding the background of the business environment is necessary as an initial parade of principles of logistics and supply chain. The findings from the case study analysis religious service the concerned stakeholders to create proper recommendations and conclusions for future running of the business. This paper will focus on Kelloggs, a national distribution center in the Pacific Asia region to analyze the business situation. Analysis of the business and key findings from the case study will help in answering the case study questions. Introduction According to Murphy and Wood (2011, p.20), logistics is one of the primary requirements of a countrys economic growth. Logistics creates return to goods and services, and in the process, it helps to satisfy human wants. Utility is the ability of a commodity to satisfy a given need or want. Murphy and Wood (2011) come along identified four types of utility, which are possession utility, form utility, place utility, and time utility. These four types of utility must be organized to interact in the supply-chain process in order to create usefulness of commodities. Logistics activities add value goods and services, especially through time and place utilities. This makes warehousing an essential part of the logistics system, although warehousing is quickly being replaced distribution centers. Supply chain comprises of people, resources, activities, and organizations involved in moving a product or service from the supplier to the customer. The management of a business strategically places the supply-chain elements in such a way that they can effectively transform raw materials, natural resources, and components into ready-to-consume products (Bowersox, Mentzer & Speh, 2008, p. 88). Supply-chain management is defined as the process of regulating, directing, and set up the stakeholders along the distribution channel to ensure effectiveness and efficiency in the transactions. Principles of supply-chain management include product differentiation, customization of logistics, proper market planning, product differentiation, strategic sourcing, word sense of a supply chain based on wide technology strategy and development of channel-spanning performance measures. The modern business arena is characterized by fierce competition where only organized and effective supply chain managers will survive. Proper management of supply chains requires businesses to adopt strategic process es such as agility, adaptability, and alignment in their distribution channels. Background and Business Environment The business environment has undergone massive transformations in the 21st century. The current market is not the homogeneous as the blacksmiths or artisans that thrived in the early 2oth century (Woolven, 2001, p.44). Barter trade existed during the commodity economy because there was any other way traders could have interchange value for goods. There were not strict supply chains since traders knew where to meet and make transactions. The markets have grown and have become more diversified than

Key Success Factors Essay Example for Free

Key Success Factors EssayNumber of RivalsWal-Marts primary competitors were Kmart and Target. Wal-Mart also competed against category retailers like Best secure and Circuit City in electronics, Toy R Us in toys, Kohls and Goodys in app atomic number 18l and Bed, Bath, and Beyond in sign goods. It also competed against warehouse club segment like Costco Wholesale, Sams Clubs and BJs Wholesale Club. Internationally, Wal-Marts biggest competitor was Carrefour. Scope of RivalryWal-Mart operates nationally, but its principal interests are in the urban centers of United States. Internationally, its interests are mainly in Mexico, Japan, United Kingdom, Brazil, Canada and China. Number of BuyersAs a discounted retailer, Wal-Marts customer base is the consumer making individual purchases, and is therefrom fragmented and with no appreciable power. Degree of fruit DifferentiationThe product is wide product selection and a mix of both name-brand and private-label merchandise, and there fore, a commodity with roughly minor differentiation available on price, selection and quality.However, Wal-Mart had successfully pursued a low-cost leadership strategy which could provide everyday low prices for their customers Product InnovationWal-Mart provides multiple store formats to attract and satisfy customers needs Wal-Mart discount stores, Supercenters, Neighborhood Markets, and Sams Clubs. Wal-Mart should expect it to become a common feature as rivals attempt to copy their success. Supply/Demand ConditionsWal-Mart was the biggest customer of virtually all of its 66,000 suppliers. It allowed it to bargain power with suppliers and get their bottom prices. In 1992 Wal-Mart began establishing standards for its suppliers.Pace of Technological ChangeMore educate means of managing the supply chain, to include EPC/RFID systems mentioned in the case, suggest that new means of reducing costs are presenting opportunities for retailers to obtain an advantage over one another. per pendicular IntegrationThe presence of suppliers indicates that the industry is not perfectly integrated. However, Wal-Mart and its competitor each maintain extensive warehousing and transportation assets, suggesting that there is a considerable degree of desegregation in the industry. Economies of ScaleGiven that the product is a commodity provided by suppliers, economies of scale would be essential in this industry.

The Collision of Two Cultures Essay Example for Free

The Collision of Two Cultures EssayThe Collision of Two Cultures Implications of ethnical value and Beliefs on Caring Concepts Abstract This paper is a personal response to Anne Fadimans book The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down. The paper includes a summary of the book, an overall impression of the reader, a discussion of three major themes evident in the book, and a description of a situation from the book and how the situation could be handled antitheticly using references and material learned in 3020 Trans ethnic Nursing. Keywords glossiness, heathen barriers, value and beliefs, language barrier, assimilation process The Collision of Two Cultures Implications of Cultural Values and Beliefs on Caring Concepts After I finished my second summer semester this year I had 3 weeks break before starting fall semester, w here(predicate) I enrolled for this class. I had acquired my books already from a fellow student and went central office to enjoy my three weeks of non stu dying just working.As I was putting the books apart at home, I started reading the back of Anne Fadimans book The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down where a journalist of The Washington Post referred to the book as utterly engaging, readable, and a superb piece of writing. Instead of storing the book I carried it upstairs and put it on my night table. That crimsoning after I clutch up in my bed I got to know Lia lee, her parents, her doctors, and I learned ab come on the struggles that were involved in caring for an ill child that sat betwixt cardinal cultures the Hmong culture and the culture of American health sympathize with professionals.Anne Fadiman takes the reader on a cultural journey where she describes the case of Lia Lee, a Hmong infant that suffers from epilepsy. As she tells the story of Lia and her immigrant family that had to flee from their home nation and eventually gained entrance into the linked States, she reveals the history and cultural traditions o f the Hmong passel. Moreover, she describes how her parents and the medical community of Merced Medical Center in calcium strive to help Lia as they try to treat and care for the epileptic child each in their own way.The values and beliefs that both sides h quondam(a) bet to be irreconcilable at the time because the two sides do not know enough about each different to even try to represent that both sides mean well and try their best to help Lea in her struggles to regain her health or control the condition. Fadiman details the misunderstandings that arise when two cultures come face-to-face but cannot understand each other. Lia arrives in the hospital with epileptic exaltations which her parents blamed on a slammed door, a spirit catching Lia, and later(prenominal) soul loss.To the westerly doctors, who know little about the Hmong peck and their culture, Lias seizure was caused by dysfunction in her brain which can be hard-boiled with medication. The doctors are unaware o f the fact that the Lees diagnosed Lia with qaug dab peg which is the Hmong word for epilepsy, though considered potentially dangerous in Hmong culture it also distinguishes a person and may be indicative of a possible future as a shaman. The Hmong, like American Indians, are circular thinkers who see oecumenical connections in all things.The Hmong, unlike Americans, dont split the mind and the body. To the Cartesian, linear thinking doctors, medical health cannot be restored by bargaining with phantasmal powers and offering animal sacrifices. The book also touches on historical and political events which hurl shaped the character traits of Hmong and Americans. For centuries the Hmong gravel resisted persecution, manipulation, and domination by other Asiatic groups. They are a proud people and cherish their independence.The Hmongs challenge of authority frustrated the American doctors who arent used to having their authority questioned. The Lees non compliance with the western medical handling was rooted in their belief that the family executes the decisions for their children which in their culture is in the best interest of the child. The Lees were convinced that the medication regimen only make Lia more ill and refused or altered the medication regiment. The doctors retaliated and showed their power by removing Lia from her parents home to foster care where they hoped Lias condition would stabilize.However, in that respect was that fear that lingered over the medical community in the Merced hospital that Lia would one twenty-four hours come in with the big one, the doctors called a grand mal seizure that would deprive the child of vital oxygen to her brain and either take her life or leave her in a vegetative state. Inevitably the daylight came that Lia suffered a grand mal seizure. Since, her higher brain function has ceased and she was leave in a state that the western doctors described as dead, however, for the Lees it was the soul that had now left her body with no return.Lia was taken home from the hospital where the medical team thought she would die soon after. However, the Lees loving make outnt care kept her alive, a life that in western value and belief system is not worth living, whereas the Hmong see it as a variation of nature and care for Lia even more, still hoping that her soul may return to her body one day. After finishing the book, I caught myself thinking that maybe Lias soul would one day return to her body. I truly enjoyed reading this cross-cultural account that is full of fellowship and derives wisdom from people of different life- ways.Somehow, the book allows the reader to step out of ones own culture and look at the world like a Hmong. Recognition of cultural differences is important in a country that consists of mostly immigrants. As people of one country we want to take care of each other, understand each other, and live with each other. Therefore, people involve to get to know each other and understand the cultural backgrounds, value and belief systems. That is my opinion as a person. Looking at the book from the vista of a nurse makes it even more valuable.I have always liked the idea of culturally congruent care and have tried to merged it in my daily traffic pattern as a nurse. After reading this book, however, my perception of cultural care has changed. Anne Fadiman has spent years on her research on Hmong culture and her goal to make people understand the vast differences in values and beliefs of people from cultures that are different than main stream culture here in America. Her efforts make it possible for other people to embrace the knowledge she has collected and hopefully people are able to use the knowledge to make a difference in somebody elses life somebody else, like Lia.Fadimans book illustrates how much time, commitment, and energy is necessary to understand another cultures spatial relation on health and wellness and to translate that understanding into the day-to-day practice of medicine and caring. Incorporating cultural beliefs into medical care can go a dogged way to help people cope with illnesses. A little medicine and a little neeb, is what Nao Kao, Lias Dad said. In these simple words is orphic much of the truth that would have helped the Lees to cope better and comply more with Lias medication regimen.If the outcome would have been different is questionable, however, the cultural aspect of Lias care was disregarded by the medical staff, both nurses and doctors and led to more complication than necessary. The involvement of a twix neeb would not have harmed Lias medical treatment it would have enhanced it. The twix neeb, a shaman conducts his work on a metaphysical plane. He usually mediates between the earthly and the spiritual world, however, there is no evidence that this treatment hurts anybody (Fadiman, 1997, p. 267).According to Dwight Conquergood, who has seen medication bottles on the altars of neebs, they d o not resist medications, rather they incorporate it in the heeling process (Fadiman, 1991, p. 268). The book delivers much aliment for thought for whom ever is hungry for it, but it is especially useful for medical staff and doctors who dedicate their work to helping others. Anne Fadiman makes clear that we treat people and not diseases or body parts. On that note, she quotes William Osler who said Ask not what disease the person has, but rather what person has the disease (Fadiman, 1997, p. 75). The major theme in Fadimans book is cultural barriers. Language, cultural values and beliefs, and immigration status play an extensive role in assimilation and acculturation to a juvenile society. The language barrier that the Lees experienced along with their different values and beliefs make it difficult for the Lees and the Merced medical staff to communicate with each other to navigate the treatment for Lia. Through Fadimans book, it becomes clear that language is an expression of cu ltural beliefs.In Hmong language epilepsy is explained in spiritual terms and is, therefore, an expression of their culture that is rooted in the natural and spiritual world. In English epilepsy is explained as a disturbance of brain function, which expresses western values and beliefs that are based on knowledge derived from science. The use of translators only added to the miscommunication of the two sides, especially the use of unskilled people like a janitor or an aid which they used in this case. Fadiman states that cultural brokers are needed to help a situation where the divide between cultures is extensive.In one of his interviews with Fadiman, Neil Ernst, the pediatrician involved in Lias care describes the cultural barrier as being a layer of saran wrap between the Lees and the medical staff of Merced Medical Center. He states that, you could get someway into the area where you thought you reached them but you could never be sure that they understood. In 1980 when the Lee s came to America cross-cultural medicine and care concepts were perceived by the medical community as form of political bamboozlement.Physicians felt that these ideas were an assault on their rationality rather than a potentially lifesaving therapy (Fadiman, 1997, p. 273). Fadimans book was a necessity to open the road for cultural congruent care concepts. It serves as a testimony that ethnocentrism on behalf of a majority culture could prohibit people from seeking care or negatively influence the outcome. The description of birth practices and beliefs in Hmong culture is a good example for inhibiting people to seek care.antepartum care is highly valued in western culture, however, in Hmong culture where our understanding of medical care is nonexistent women take care of their needs. Even in the process of giving birth, as Fadiman describes in the first chapter they deliver their babies by themselves. If help is needed, the husband is utilized to aid in the birth of a Hmong baby. T he Hmong women came to the hospital to give birth only because they had heard that if they do not deliver the baby in the hospital it will not be accepted as American citizen and they could not collect money from the government.If it wasnt for this misconception, the women would have avoided the hospitalization. The Hmong people were political refugees. Fadiman pictures the Hmong as extremely different from typical immigrants who are grateful and halcyon to have landed in America, the land of opportunity and freedom. As a group, the Hmong have a history of vehemently resisting assimilation. The Hmong refugees were not here because they wanted to be they were here because they had no other choice.The CIA-led quiet war in Laos had destroyed their homeland villages and made life as they knew it impossible. The life that the refugees found in the United States was strikingly different from their life in the mountains or in the refugee camp in Thailand. The culture shock caused many an other(prenominal) to cling more zealously to the old ways and to one another. This explains, at least in part, why after being in the United States for a number of years, the Lees appeared to speak virtually no English. Fadiman claims that Lias mother, even after being in the U.S. for several years, had no idea how to operate the family telephone. In Transcultural Concepts in Nursing Care, Andrews and Boyle list many factors that affect the process of assimilation and acculturation to a new culture. As first generation immigrants, the Lees came to this country as a middle aged gallus with their children. Whereas, Foua, Nao Kao and their peers had many difficulties getting used to the new life the book reveals that their children embraced the new experience and grew up to be bicultural.As involuntary immigrants the first wave of Hmong people clung more to their cultural traditions as voluntary immigrants would do. Fadiman chronicles migration patterns of Hmong people inside the Unit ed States. After landing here the Hmong were dispersed across many states to divide the financial burden among the communities. However, the Hmong did not want to live apart from each other in this strange new environment. So against governmental plans they settled in big(p) groups to practice their traditions and help each other.Therefore, the assimilation to the new culture was slowed and delayed. Educational status is another factor that slows assimilation. The Hmongs educational level was not same to western standards. As an indigenous mountain tribe who lived off their land knowledge was limited to what was necessary to survive in that environment. However, when the Hmong came to the United States the pattern of knowledge that was needed to survive changed drastically. To gain entrance into a society different than your own a new set of knowledge needs to be acquired to compete for resources.Caring for people from a culture that has a different set of values and beliefs take s understanding and knowledge on the behalf of the professional that delivers the care. In nursing delivering cultural congruent care is a concept that was established by Madeleine Leininger who developed the theory of Cultural Care Diversity and Universality (George, 2010, p. 404). In their care practice nurses need to consider the interrelationship of cultural care, well-being, health, illness, and death as it is viewed by people from different cultures (George, 2010, p. 11). The approach should be holistic and explore multidimensional ways of caring. The nurse should seek to discover cultural care universalities and diversities and be able to apply it. Cultural care preservation, accommodation, and restructuring are key concepts of cultural congruent care delivery. Applying my knowledge from this class to the care of Lia I would have tried to establish a working relationship with the family and their twix neeb to preserve and maintain their values and beliefs.The involvement of t he neeb would have shown Lias family that their values and beliefs were acknowledged and not disregarded. Moreover, the twix neeb could have acted as negotiator to ensure that the Lees adhered to the medication regiment. Fadiman describes situations in the hospital where Lia was put in restraints to not interrupt her medical treatment by pulling on tubes and IV lines. The Lees were enraged about the restraints and tried to free her from the coercion of force that was administered by the medical professional at Merced Medical Center.Involving a cultural broker like Fadiman terms it would have helped to concert the different views of treatment. The Lees wanted to care for her fille by holding her and having her close, however, the medical staff wanted to maintain their treatment modalities to get Lia the medical treatment that she needed. A holistic approach is of utmost vastness and maybe some agreement could be made to how the parents could have held and be close to Lia without in terfering with the treatment modalities.Restructuring Lias environment and treatment would have been a matter of more sensitivity on behalf of the medical professionals involved. Foster care did not improve Lias condition and the coercion of power on the Lees did not improve their compliance or strengthen their beliefs in western medicine and treatments. A more sensitive approach through home care services might have been more effective in the treatment of Lias epilepsy. Teaching the Lees how to read a clock, how to use the Gregorian calendar, would have been a useful approach to improve Lias condition.Community classes on western values and beliefs would also be of interest to help people from different cultures to assimilate to main stream culture. The tragedy is that both the doctors and the family genuinely wanted to help Lia, but their lack of communication and inability to understand each other, culturally, and linguistically, made mutual efforts impossible. Anne Fadimans rese arch effort created a valuable resource for people in curing and caring professions. Understanding the importance of incorporating cultural values and beliefs in the deliverance of care can make a difference in somebody elses life.

Investigating The Causal Natures of Chance and Spontaneity Essay Example for Free

Investigating The Causal Natures of Chance and Spontaneity Essayafter introducing the principle feats ( economical, formal, material, final exam), Aristotle talks about incur and spontaneousness in Book II, (Physics) for the purpose of investigating their place among the state stupefys. Aristotle bases his enquiry on the observation that in history, these terms be conflictive in their interpretation. Some people say that everything that we consider luck or spontaneousness really has nigh underlying definite bm. n matchlesstheless at that place argon other people, such as Empedocles, who invoke chance when describing the physics of air or some, who ascribe this heavenly sphere and all the worlds to spontaneity (196a 25). In setting out to elucidate the nature of these terms and their place among the causes, Aristotle cont abrogates that chance and spontaneity are non explanatory causes of their own, but concurrent causes. By drawing from Aristotles view on nature and del iberate role, this essay sets out to develop a clear understanding of the term concurrent in relation to chance and spontaneity. Aristotle begins his account with the basic observation that some things ceaselessly come in the same way and some things occur for the most set out in the same way.Yet some occurrences are exceptional-this third category, according to Aristotle, is the layer of chance and spontaneity as there is a third class of events besides these two-events which all say are by chance-it is plain that there is such a thing as chance and spontaneity (196b 12-14). He continues to state that events that occur, but that do non occur as a direct effect of intent (thought) or nature, but rather incidentally, are said to be by chance (196b 24). Here, we can identify what constitutes an event of chance or spontaneity.It seems that when the specific cause does not yield the intended result always or for the most part, thence the result is produced by chance or spontaneit y. Conversely, when the cause does yield the intended result always or for the most part, then chance or spontaneity has not affected the suffice. At this point, it is indispensable to distinguish chance from spontaneity. Clearly then, when events directed towards an end do not gravel to pass for the sake of what actually results, and (3) have an external cause (197b 18-19) we ascribe this to spontaneity and chance.Chance follows this same structure, but differs only in that the external cause is the deliberate intent of rational beings. In other words, chance exists only for agents that are sufficient of good fortune and of moral actions (197b 1-2) for rational beings that are capable of intelligent deliberation (197a 2). Spontaneity, on the other hand, is found both in the lower animals and in gentlemans gentleman racey inanimate objects (197b 14-15). Before analyzing the way that chance and spontaneity are concurrent causes, it is necessary to understand Aristotles example of the house and house builder.The expeditious (and determinable) cause is that which can build the house, while the concurrent cause (the builders skin t mavin or musical ability) is infinite in range, (and thus is indeterminable). By concurrent cause, it follows that chance and spontaneity are indeed some form of cause, for just as a thing is something either in virtue of itself or incidentally, so it may be a cause (196b 25-26). Aristotle further states that they (chance and spontaneity) come to pass among events which are for the sake of something. 196b 30-31) Thus, chance and spontaneity are causes by virtue of concurrence with a principle cause, and occur concurrently with events directed towards an end. Yet, what does it mean to say that chance or spontaneity occur concurrently with a cause directed towards an end? First, we allow check up on chance as a concurrent cause. In the example in chapter 5, a man goes to the market with a specific purpose (to buy fruits for examp le), and by chance, he meets his debtor and collects subscriptions for a feast.According to Aristotle, if he had gone of deliberate purpose and for the sake of this to collect the money-if he always or normally went there when he was collecting payments-he would not be said to have gone by chance. (197a 4-6) We have established that, for this event to be one that occurred by chance, it is necessary both that the man travel to the market with a purpose other than to collect the money, and that the man not frequent the market with this purpose. It follows that collecting the money is not a cause present in himself (197a 1) because it is not his intent at the time.Thus, we only invoke chance when the event is not intended to occur by the rational agents requestd. It seems that the event can be explained by the coinciding of each of the individuals efficient causes. In the case of chance, and not spontaneity, we are dealing with those actions for the sake of something which involve pu rpose (197a 6) implying intelligent reflection. This is important to note, as the individual causes of each person stems from their own intelligent deliberations-the haracterizing difference between spontaneity and chance. In Ethics (III), Aristotle argues that human being have control over their own actions, that they are able to choose the means to their end in view. Applied to this scenario, the act of going to buy fruits (the efficient cause) by the collector, and the separate efficient cause of the debtor, intersected to produce an causeless encounter. Yet exactly how chance occurs concurrently is still ambiguous-for it seems that chance is just an observation of the unlikeliness of the two events coinciding.Clearly the conclusion here is that chance does not provide the true cause of the meeting, it is not the cause-without qualification-of anything (197a 14). Aristotles example in chapter 5, in which the grisly or the musical (196b 27) are incidental causes of the house bu ilder, seems to be analogous to the example of the market place. By this, it seems that chance occurs concurrently with any or one of the 4 causes in the same way that musical talent is a concurrent cause of the house. Plainly, the house builders skin tone or musical ability does not provide an explanatory cause for the construction of the house.There are an infinite number of accidental traits that the builder could have which would be irrelevant to the construction of the house. Thus, the only way to see this chance as concurrent is to conclude that it is at the same time present in the builder (who is an efficient cause). By equivalence, the causes of the mans coming and getting the money are innumerable (197a 16), (for he could have gone to the market for many reasons). Yet, it is clear that only one intended action could cause the unwell-educated result of the meeting.Given these assertions, it seems correct to say that events occurring by chance are unintentional (the agent h ad no intention of this result at that time). The reason for this is because the primary causes are intentional. In the building of a chair, for example, Aristotle would agree that all 4 causes are intentional for the creator intends a final purpose for the chair, builds it purposefully with a certain material, builds it according to a form which he has chosen, and knows that he is the cause of its existence as a chair.Thus, the causes of events are always intentional, while chance events are unintentional (on the part of the rational agents) and like the accidental traits of the builder, occur simultaneously with the primary causes. Given that there are an infinite number of acts that a rational being may choose, it is clear that only some of these actions can result in an event of chance. As Aristotle puts it some incidental causes are more relevant than others (197a 24). It follows that we invoke chance only when the purposeful actions of a rational agent coincide with other acti ons and produce an unintended event.Thus, it now seems reasonable to say that only a specific chance cause (going to buy fruits) could produce the event deemed chanceful (the meeting). Since only some intentional acts will result in an event of chance, (an event unintended by the persons actions), it makes sense to say that a chance cause occurs simultaneously in the individual with the efficient cause, for it is this cause in him (the efficient cause) that leads him to the improbable result. It is at this point that we turn to spontaneity, which according to Aristotle, is in the realm of lower animals and the inanimate-things incapable(p) of deliberate intention.Aristotle views innate(p) things as those which, by a continuous movement originated from an internal principle, arrive at some completion (199b 18). He uses the example of the repair doctoring himself to illustrate how natural things have inside them a final cause, by which form guides material to achieve this end (Phys ics II8). So while man can deliberately choose a means to an end, and in doing so may accidentally intersect with another individual and deem their encounter chanceful, natural things do not deliberately chose.The natural motion is seeking an end (199a 5)- but this final cause within the natural thing is not a deliberate choice of intelligent deliberation. Unless impeded by a chance natural event that is irrelevant to the end in view, the natural process will realize its end for nature does nothing in vain, nothing superfluous (On the Heavens). The rain clouds forming and dropping over the crops for example, are not the result of chance of spontaneity (198b 19). All natural things have a function in a greater whole and within their being have a final cause to which they form.It is for this reason that Aristotle says that when a natural process does not attain its end according to its final cause, the means to this accidental result were in vain (197b 24). How does spontaneity occur concurrently then? Since natural things have a cause that operates for a purpose (196b 32), it must be when this end is not attained, as we have seen, that spontaneity has occurred concurrently. In the case of chance, as we have seen, the event of chance occurs because humans have an infinite number of actions to chose from.With nature, however, Aristotle does not suggest that nature itself has a deliberate intention. Necessarily then, it is when a natural process is affected by another natural process or human deliberation that it diverts from its final cause, and in doing so, can produce events of spontaneity. Thus, while a human may chose the way in which he achieves his end, and in doing so may unknowingly chose an action which will lead to an improbable event, natural things change from potentiality to actuality in strict accordance with the final cause within them.Spontaneity occurring concurrently with another cause of a natural thing does not constitute a fifth cause, but is only an indication that the process did not follow completely its natural course (its final cause) and was impeded by an external event (either natural or a result of intelligent deliberation). Conclusively, chance occurs concurrently with the efficient cause of the individual in the sense that it is a simultaneously present, for only this specific efficient cause could lead to the chance event.Chance is however not an explanatory cause of its own, and the event considered chanceful can be explained solely with the individual efficient causes of the persons. Spontaneity occurring concurrently is thus identical to the way chance occurs concurrently, yet natural processes have specific inherent purposes-they are not events resulting from deliberate intent. As a result, spontaneity is said to occur when natural processes do not attain their end (the process was in vain), and are affected by an external event (deliberate or natural), thus producing an improbable event.