Attitudes Towards Help Seeking Behaviour In Individuals Psychology Essay

Attitudes Towards Help Seeking Behaviour In Individuals Psychology EssayA questionnaire survey was conducted among the participants the Victoria University Students chose to determine whether locatings towards pursuance headmaster friend oneself changed when focusing upon certain situational variables. The 697 participants in this study each completed a questionnaire which evaluated on a 3 point scale their current attitude towards quest professional counselling services, whether jock had been obtained and their hereafter intentions in pursuance serving. The study specializedally pore on two mount up groups, 18-25 and 55+. Results indicated that females atomic number 18 more than likely than males to commit imperious attitudes towards desire professional psychological help. Also, consistent with the hypotheses, results to a fault affirm that younger adults will have a more autocratic attitude towards try oning seek than aged adults and those with prior experien ce towards seek professional help send packing fascinate an individualists future intentions on quest help. This study attempts to focus upon the situational variables and avoidance f work onors that whitethorn influence attitudes towards seeking professional help.In a society with improved living standards and breach access to healthcargon, there is still a growing prevalence of men and women that display certain characteristics in their attitudes towards seeking professional counselling services. It is these nation that seem to inhibit themselves from reaching out for near services on a range of amiable health issues and circumstances that requisite attention. Re anticipate psychologists and counsellors have reported that there are quite a number of instruments and situational variables much(prenominal) as age, grammatical gender and prior experience that influence an individuals attitude on whether to seek professional help and the reluctance one holds attending such services. It is understood that when one experiences psychological distress, only after they have essay to resolve their issues and failed will they endeavour to seek counselling or psych some otherapy services. (Larson, et al., 2007)Help seeking fundament be generally defined as the specialised behaviour an individual will exhibit when actively seeking help from certain people. Help seeking is a form of coping that opens the doors for communication with other people to gain advice, support and understanding on concerning issues that an individual will attempt to resolve.Counsellors have identified a number of avoidance factors that seem to in a flash influence an individuals pursuit in seeking help. Also identified are situational variables that impact the probability of an individuals reluctance to seek guidance such as provoke/gender, race/ethnicity, treatment setting/treatment issue (Larson, et al., 2007) however, for the purpose of this report, sex/gender, age and prior e xperience will be focused upon and thoroughly discussed.The act of seeking professional help coffin nail come with m whatsoever barriers and avoidance issues that seem to gain in intensity when an individual approaches the decision to seek such help. Larson, 2007 has summarised and interpreted the avoidance factors that are accepted by the mental health literature in the attitudes towards help seeking behaviours which include, social disgrace (Komiya, Good, Sherrod, 2000), treatment frights (Deane Todd, 1996 Kushner Sher, 1989), fear of emotion (Komiya et al., 2000), anticipated utility and risks (Vogel Wester, 2003 Vogel, Wester, Wei, Boysen, 2005), and self-disclosure (Hinson Swanson, 1993 Vogel Wester, 2003)By identifying the above factors, it serves to be a useful function to counsellors that enables them to establish the potential barriers and reluctance towards help seeking.The attitudes and views held by an individual on help seeking are absolutely crucial and fundam ental to their mental health and wellbeing. There is increasing awareness from professional and authoritarian bodies that encourages individuals to identify the signs for help and to seek services from appropriate sources. Reluctance and attitudes towards seeking help will continue to be an obstacle unless counsellors and other professionals highlight and emphasise the vastness of how vital it is to seek help when required. It is hypothesised that women have a more positive attitude towards seeking professional help than men. It is also hypothesised that younger adults will have a more positive attitude towards seeking seek than older adults. Finally, it is hypothesised that prior experience towards seeking professional help underside influence an individuals future intentions on seeking help.There is growing research and evidence that suggests that the gender of an individual seems to have a correlative link in regards to attitudes towards help seeking. (Larson, et al., 2007) m any another(prenominal) studies have concluded that men are more likely to seek professional counselling or psychological support for quite severe psychiatric conditions, (Leaf Bruce, 1987) whilst women are believed to have a more sanguine view in seeking help and are more inclined to seek help than men. (Fischer Farina,1995). It is expense mentioning that studies have also expressed that due to the stereotypes placed upon genders and their voice within society, it has a direct impact in the attitudes of seeking help. Using the male gender as an example, a preconceived and stereotypical notion of men would suggest that they have a tough interior and succumbing to the thought that professional intervention whitethorn be required, can result in feelings of embarrassment and a sign of weakness as they must accept defeat. (Addis Mahalik, 2003) Another preconceived notion held by society proposes that once all prior attempts at resolving issues have been exhausted, only in this ins tance is professional help ought to be sought after. (Angermeyer, Matschinger, Riedel-Heller, 1999) retention such mentalities may bring the onrush of social stigma associated with help seeking behaviours which can ultimately further increase an individuals reluctance in their search for resolutions. This is quite evident in a study that showed that men were more likely to place less important issues aside because of the increased social stigma involved. (Timlin-Scalera, Ponterotto, Blumberg, Jackson, 2003). It is clearly evident that the above findings support the hypothesis that women are more likely to have a positive attitude towards seeking professional help than men. Despite the results suggesting gender can play a direct role in attitude perceptions, studies of certain age ranges of males and females were also measured to investigate a realizable correlation if age influences an individuals attitudes towards seeking help.Only a limited amount of research has been conduct ed investigating the possibility if age seems to play a role in the attitudes towards seeking professional help across different age spans. From the minimal demographic research findings that are obtainable, studies have often used the specific views and attitudes of college educated students who range in 20 years of age and have found that this sample of people are more inclined to show positive attitudes towards seeking help and are more likely to attend services when being compared to individuals of similar age, with no college education and an older age range (Vessey Howard, 1993). Researches are also quite interested in the attitude perceptions of help seeking behaviours of adolescents and have found that despite counselling services being openly available to the majority of adolescents, there are a number of factors that will influence their intentions of doing so. (Boldero Fallon, 1995) Quite interestingly, with results similar pertaining to that of adolescents, individual s who ranged 65 years of age or older were also found that in spite of professional tending being easily accessible, an unwillingness was show in taking advantage of the offered services. (Andrews et al.,2001 Veroff, 1981) An interpretation of this finding can suggest that as a result of the increasing attitude perception of avoidance factors, reluctance can be expected. Due to a lack of elementary education, individuals in this age range are not aware in recognizing the signs of when assistance is required for mental issues (Hasin Link, 1988) and as a result, individuals in this group were more likely to consult with general medical doctors relating their distress being linked to physical problems. (Leaf, Bruce, Tischler, Holzer, 1987) When comparing both age ranges, those 65 years or older were reported to have increasingly higher(prenominal) negative attitudes towards seeking professional help and counselling services. (Allen,Walker, Shergill, Dath, Katona, 1998).In lieu of the overall findings, the evidence and results clearly support the hypothesis however, age alone doesnt indicate overall attitudes towards help seeking.The decision process in which an individual comes to the conclusion that seeking assistance on mental issues has been characterised as a quite complex behaviour and not very straight forward. There are several factors that seem to intervene and delay the onset of progressing further in seeking help. Prior experience in seeking help and treatment is considered to play a major influence on the attitudes and intentions of individuals seeking such services or further increasing their reluctance to treatment. One of the most significant barriers to seeking professional treatment comes under the avoidance factor of social stigma. (Sibicky Dovidio, 1986 Stefl Prosperi, 1985). Social stigma is defined as the fear that others will judge a person negatively if she or he sought help for a problem. (Deane Chamberlain, 1994). Due to this preco nceived idea, the fear of negative judgement from others deters an individuals attempt in help seeking (Overbeck, 1977). Studies investigating the relationship between help seeking behaviours and social stigma have concluded not only does social stigma predict ones attitude in seeking treatment, it may also immediately affect their future intentions of counselling services. (Deane Chamberlain, 1994). An experiment conducted by Victoria University in the form of a questionnaire measured participants attitudes towards help seeking behaviours and their likely hood on future intentions to attend counselling services. The questionnaire specified and evaluated on a 3 point scale their current attitude towards seeking professional counselling services, whether help had been obtained and their future intentions in seeking help.MethodParticipantsThe 697 participants in this study consisted of males and females that were not related to the administers of the questionnaires. Of the two gende rs, there were 348 males and 349 females with ages ranging from 18 to 55+ years old. The study specifically focused two age groups, 18-25 and 55+. The younger age groups of 18-25 had a connote age of 20.59 (SD= 2.9) and 55+ older age group had a mean age of 60.70 (SD=6.62). The two age groups both consisted of subgroups comprising of younger males and females, and older males and females. The younger age group, 18-25, had 180 males with a mean of 20.70 (SD=2.23) and 185 females with a mean of 20.49 (SD=2.15). The older age group, 55+, had 168 males with the mean mediocre of 61.34 (SD=7.25) and 164 females which had a mean age of 60.04 (SD=5.89) 50.1% of participants were born in Australia, 7.0% were born in Europe, 4.2% in Asia, 1.6% in Africa, 1.0% in North the States and 34.4% participants did not indicate country of origin. Participation for this study was voluntary.MaterialsA questionnaire survey measuring the attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help was the selected medium. The questionnaire was designed to measure the responses of participants attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help. The survey consisted of a series of 10 questions all relating to personal attitudes regarding seeking psychological counselling services. Participants were instructed to rate the strength of their agreement to the questions or statement on a scale from 0 (completely disagree) to 3 (completely agree). Scores for each attitude topic could theoretically range from 0 (being the lowest possible score) to 30 (being the maximum possible score.)A demographic data section was also included in the survey to collect information regarding gender, age, nationality, occupation, country of birth and previous counselling experience.ProcedureAll students received four copies of the survey questionnaire. They were instructed to recruit 4 participants from the following age ranges of 18-25 and 55+. Chosen participants had to be of morose criteria, one mal e of 18-25 years old, one female of 18-25 years, one older male of 55+ and one older female of 55+ and must not be related. Participants were instructed to complete the questionnaires and hand them to the students to bring them along to the next designated class. The questionnaires were collected and randomly given to the lecturer. The course lecturer scored and analysed the data using descriptive statistics.ResultsThe statistical data analysed from the questionnaires proved that all the hypotheses were supported. Data for gender and age were pooled and results are presented for the combined presentation. As seen below on table 1, results indicate that younger males scored higher than older males on their attitudes towards seeking help with a total mean score of 15.12 (5.58). On the other hand, consistent the hypothesis, females scored much better than males on their attitudes towards seeking professional help with a total means score of 17.17 (4.77).Table 1Age and Gender The influe nce on age and gender on the attitudes towards seeking professional helpMALES FEMALES TOTALYounger 18 30 15.59 17.2 16.41(5.16) (4.37) (4.83)Older 55+ 14.59 18.09 16.32(5.88) (5.16) (5.85)Total 15.12 17.16(5.58) (4.77)Note All numbers in brackets are standard deviations.FIGURE 1Prior Counselling History ResultsResults have indicated that those with elflike counselling experience had a total mean average of 15.4 (5.16). Those with little counselling experience have a total mean average of 17.92 (4.90) and those with a lot of counselling experience had a total mean average of 20.23 (5.27). Consistent with the hypothesis, those who had previous counselling experience were more likely to have positive attitudes towards seeking help in the future and attend future services. banterAs expected, the questionnaire survey confirmed that females are more likely than males to have positive attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help. Consistent with the hypotheses, results also supported that younger adults will have a more positive attitude towards seeking seek than older adults and those with prior experience towards seeking professional help can influence an individuals future intentions on seeking help.The results clearly indicate that there are certain avoidance factors such as social stigma and any preconceived ideas to why the attitudes of men in seeking help have scored lower than that of women. Findings have found that women are believed to have a more optimistic view in seeking help and are more inclined to seek help than men (Fischer Farina,1995) because men have been reported to only seek help for quite severe psychiatric conditions. (Leaf Bruce, 1987)Certain age ranges seem to have a link to the degree in which younger and older generations attitude differ in their efforts towards seeking help. It was reported that college educated students who range in 20 years of age are more inclined to show positive attitudes towards seeking help and ar e more likely to attend services when being compared to individuals of similar age, with no college education and an older age range. An explanation of this could be due to the exposure of college environment and a growing emphasis of the importance of psychological and counselling services (Vessey Howard, 1993). Older adults not aware in recognizing the signs of when assistance is required for mental issues (Hasin Link, 1988) and as a result, individuals in this group were more likely to have negative attitudes towards seeking help.One of the most significant barriers to seeking professional treatment comes under the avoidance factor of social stigma. Due to this preconceived idea, prior experience in seeking help and treatment can be jeopardised because of fear of negative judgement from others which can sometimes deters an individuals attempt and their attitude in seeking professional help.Due to the samples being limited to those participants students chose, findings may not a pply to other cultural background and also, only two age ranges were focused upon, 18-25 and 55+, in order to gain a better perspective into people attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help, an unrestricted view across the age spectrum would greatly influence the results. Moreover, although the results were approached from the perspective that certain situational variables and avoidance factors may influence people attitudes towards professional help, it can be argued that peoples attitudes towards seeking therapy themselves influence their reluctance in actually attending such services.Directions for future exploration can include incorporating larger cultural backgrounds to gain a better understanding of different attitudes towards seeking help from a larger population. It would also be beneficial to have an unrestricted view of all ages across the spectrum to see if the attitudes towards seeking help discriminate against only certain ages or if they remain consist ent end-to-end all ages.Finally, an investigation into all the potential variables that may influence attitudes towards seeking professional therapy should be considered to determine their potential relation with those attitudes.Overall, results from the study reveal that attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help can change depending on situational variables such as gender, age and prior counselling experience. It should be noted that situational variables seem to influence the attitudes of individuals only to a certain extent, avoidance factors such as social stigma and any preconceived notions can also greatly influence people attitudes towards seeking professional help. Further research should be conducted that incorporates and measures all the known situational variables and avoidance factors and see how the results vary from the present studies accessible now.

Benefits and Challenges of Nurse Prescribing

Benefits and Challenges of declare PrescribingSpecifically with Leg Ulcer Treatment the imbibe prescribing practice help in delivering a complete episode of care, enables greater self-sufficiency and speeder access towards medication, time saving and expedient to desexualizeher with the primal interference identifications, greater patient involvement (Courtenay, Berry 2007). Furthermore, it provides a means of formalising present prescribing activities and approaches, allow patients to receive better information from the nurses about the prescriptions and medications and thereby permitting a holistic practice (Courtenay 2007).Additionally, it enhances rapport with the leg ulcer patient, reduces length of stay owing to accurate prescribing management, improves cognition and mind skills in identifying the complications of leg ulcer on with co-morbid complexities and promotes the response time to addressing patient symptoms and withdrawal (dependency) effects (Gray, 2006).On the ot her hand, it was observed that the prescribed drug, Allevyn induced allergic re saves in the patient and this can be attributed to the potential implications of prescribing process. However, it cal also happen owing to increased work load and responsibilities upon the nurse, litigation fear, inter and intra professional conflicts, adherence towards medical model of care, lack of friendship and accountability and absence of skills for prescribing process and dependency (Courtenay et al., 2007).REFERENCESCourtenay, M. 2007, Nurse Prescribing-the benefits and the pitfalls, Journal of Community Nursing, 21, 11.Courtenay, M., Berry, D. 2007, Comparing Nurses and Doctors views of Nurse Prescribing A Questionnaire Survey, Nurse Prescribing, 5, 5.Gray, R. 2006, Nurse Prescribing Raising Standards, Nurse Prescribing, 4, 8. look for study carried out by While and Biggs (2004) indicated that nurse prescribers cannot form a substitute for the general practitioners for the products within the l imited formulary. Implementing a major role in the nurse prescribing practice requires assessment of numerous conditions including adequate education, preparation and cooking and designing formulary that convene patient and practitioners needs (While, Biggs 2004). pass over on the evaluation of eight pilot sites revealed that nurse prescribing was completely accompanied by anxiety and heightened apprehensions of accountability (Luker et al., 1997).To date back, discipline training for Nurse Prescribing was started in England, by the year of 1998 during which around 20, 000 nurses have qualified for the new role.The study carried out by Humphreys and Green (2000) illustrated the potential importance of infrastructure in the stress groups (n=12) obtaining the preparation concerned to nurse prescription at one institution (Humphreys, Green 2000). The implementation of extension standards in to supplementary nursing practice hold the deliberate need for understanding pharmacology a s the basis for prescribing process and to identify the nurses who play a major role in selection criteria pertaining to prescriber training (Department of Health, 2002).Towards the other side, in examining the speculative basis for mental health nurse prescribing process, it is very important to discuss the implicit theoretical tensions together with the experiences of registered nurse prescriber. reservation a Difference (1999) was the key policy document published upon the extending phenomenon of nurse prescribing with an aim of saving time for the General Practitioners (Department of Health, 1999). However, the implicit support was arrived through National Health Service and it stressed on various ways of working and distorting the demarcating lines between the specialized groups in NHS with an interest on improved access to tone of voice of health care (Brooks, 2001). Thus, it must be understood that benefits and challenges of Nurse Prescribing within the context of mental he alth include the following (Department of Health, 1999)Add up the knowledge and allow complete use of experience.Allow service transition from hospital to community based.Nurses must reveal that they are diagnostically competent for the process of patient assessment and prescribing.The prescribing process may distract the attention from other aspects of nursing roles.May result in developing dangers (like allergic reactions developed for Allevyn in the present study) and these get added up to nurses roleConclusionThus, to effective reduce the incidence of deleterious effects due to Nurse prescribing, a helpful action plan must be devised with the following objectivesTo evaluate the prescribing approaches of nurses with relation to health visitors.To effectively understand the professional and contextual factors which enhance and inhibit the process of Nurse PrescribingTo understand the views of practitioners and patients with relation to treatment offered by the nurses.Much research was performed with in this field of Nursing and still is needed in future to effectively explore the factors and to determine the steps for carrying out this process. Nevertheless, it is not a solitary effort and it demands the potential involvement of practitioners, patients, Nurses, local health organisations together with the government.

Effect of the Moon on Planet Earth

Effect of the laze on Planet Earth tantalise ChaplinThe Earth would be a very different luff without the slug. DiscussIts true that without the dream, the reason would be a less romantic place. mythical werewolves would never take up been conceived, nor would we conduct a calendar based on the concept of the lunar phases. It has undoubtedly influenced human culture oer millennia, still cig art the same be said for our neighbouring celestial satellite in geological terms? A seemingly insignifi skunkt lump of rock in comparison, it can be hard to comprehend that the stargaze has had such potenti eithery significant impacts on shaping the earth as it appears today. But as it seems, a range of a function of occurrences were set in motion from the instant the moon was form which have non only left us here perplexed by it, scarcely have left us here in the early place.The bulk of the moons responsibility for impacting upon the planet lies with its sombreness and proximity to the earth. Such a scenario allows for it to have a pro set influence on the tides of our oceans, which in turn serves to slow the earths gyration and hurl the moon further onward from us. The gravitational attraction of the moon is also the stabilising factor in a celestial battle amidst the large bodies of the solar system to visualize the planets axial obliquity off-balance. The very fact that the moon is here in the first place tells of how fortunate the impact that formed it was, because were it not for that humble collision over 4.5 billion years ago, life on earth would be vastly different today at the very least (and conceivably even absent at worst). Its front line has also stimulated the application of mathematics and induced superstition in generations of humans, whilst providing total solar eclipses which are a usually rare, defining aspect of earth. The regular monthly cycle of the lunar phases has also been linked to mating sequences, hunting rituals and even the menstrual cycle, which 51% of the earths human population will experience for a large quantity of their lives. On top of all of this, the moon has defined the view of the night sky along with the stars and reflected the sunlights light to dampen its pitch black darkness since judgment of conviction immemorial, achieving omnipresence in a clique of modern media. The earth would be a very different place without the moon.It only seems prudent to commence with the earliest chronological appearance of the moon. The intimately widely accepted modern theory for its formation is centred nearly a hypothetical protoplanet by the name of Theia. It is proposed to have been around the size of Mars, and about 10% of the mass of the earth. 1 Isotope analysis of lunar rocks bought butt from the Apollo mission tells us that Theia is hypothesised to have collided with the earth at 4.527 0.010 billion years before present. 1 Earth as it was back then would have been wholly transformed by this impact, altering its composition and ultimately allowing it to become the planet it is today. This collision would have also produced a goodly amount of debris, which would have subsequently accreted to form the moon. 2 This is the only feasible model which explains why the moon finds itself in orbit with the earth physics- based computerised reconstructions show that it would not have been possible to capture a passing-by moon with the gravitational field of study of the earth, nor would it have been possible to originate from ejection of material from the molten earth collectable to fission by centrifugal force. 3 Assuming that this hypothesis is correct, it is obvious that earth has been extensively altered because of the moon. For one, upon impact, material from the dense iron core of Theia would likely have sunk towards the core of earth due to gravity, whilst mantle material would likely have been accreted onto the protrude of the proterozoic earth. 2 This is the rea son for the characteristic inner layers of the earth today. The moon would have then formed from excess material from the impact coalescing in the surrounding vicinities of the early earth. Thus, the formation of the moon both added and took away material from the early earth, heavily influencing its very composition from as early as 4.537 Ga. 1, 2Having considered that this moon-forming impact would have been a major source of much of the terrestrial iron found on earth today, the size of our iron-nickel core would have been directly affected by it. The earths mantle chemically differentiated in an event called the iron catastrophe, throughout the first 500 million years of the planets formation. Extremely large quantities of iron succumbed to gravity and sunk to form the core. The innermost part of the earth was thus comprised of conductive elements, an iron-nickel alloy, which became able to generate electrical currents whilst rotating due to the coriolis effect in interaction w ith convection in the mantle 8 (which originated in the first place from heat escaping from the core). As a result, the roughly dipolar magnetosphere was conceived, giving rise to the radioactive Van Allen Belts by trapping charged protons and electrons in concentrical bands surrounding the planet. 8 Figure 1 above is a scaled representation of the invisible magnetosphere and Van Allen belts surrounding the earth. Only discovered in 1958, the infamously deadly belts have been unvoiced yet fundamental in the development of life on our planet. This is due to the particles ability to prevent horrific ionising radiation to reach the surface of the earth and effectively fry anything which ever endeavoured to exist on the surface. The magnetosphere itself would also have prevented any charged particles of solar wind from reaching the earths surface and causing similar damage. Amongst other variables, the strength of the earths magnetic field would be directly proportional to the size of the core according to dynamo theory, 8 and accordingly we have the moon-forming impact to thank for a hospitable and agreeable planet. Its in that locationfore fair to say that without the moon coming into fruition, the earth may never have done either. There are more obvious ongoing effects of the moon on the earth today though, than there were back in the Hadean.It is fairly common knowledge that the moon has influence on the tides of our seas and oceans. Along with the sun, it produces the twice-daily rise and fall of the seas that boggled coastal dwellers for millennia prior to Newtons formulation of the universal law of gravitation in 1687. Naturally, the gravitational attraction between two separate entities is inversely proportional to the distance between them. 4 Thus, whilst the sun may be roughly 400 times as large as the moon, it is (coincidentally) around 400 times further away than it, and so exerts less influence over the tides. 4 The area of the earth closest to the moon at any given halt will see a protuberance of its oceans, as the water is attracted to the moons gravitational field. 4 Simultaneously on the opposite side of the earth furthest from the moon, the crust itself succumbs to the lunar gravitation and is, in effect, marginally subsided, producing an additional ocean bulge. 4 Figure 2 (right) illustrates and annotates this gravitational phenomenon, by ever-so- fairly exaggerating the voltage bulge of the tides However, depending on the topography of shoreline localities and nature of continental slopes around the globe, the fluctuation can vary wildly between low and high tides. 4 In extreme cases, this can affect the livelihoods of littoral inhabitants by dictating fishing schedules or putting their homes in danger, showing how the moon genuinely is a foremost influence on making the earth the place it is. One such scenario is the extraordinary tidal range at the Bay of Funday in Eastern Canada, which can surpass 12 metres. 4 Circumstances like this can occur upon the arrival of spring tides (from the German verb springen, to leap, not from the name of the season) whereby the sun and moon align, causing upper limit attraction in their direction and thus amplifying the height of the tides. 4 Alas, the moon is a dictatorial authority on the tides of our oceans, and presumably has been since the oceans formed around 3.8 billion years ago.Swishing and swashing the oceans for eons of geological time has not passed by without its consequences however. The moons gravity has created the tides on the one hand, whilst the rotation of the earth has slightly offset the location of them on the other the actual location of the peaked tidal bulge is slightly ahead of where it would logically be, at the closest point on the earths surface to the moon. 7 As a result, a surprisingly large amount of mass (the tidal protuberance of the oceans) is offset slightly from the closest locality on earth to the moon at that point i n time, meaning that a certain quantity of the gravitational pull is no longer directly between the earth and moon, but at a 90 angle to it. 7 Thus, torque is effectively created between the two planetary bodies, 7 and is very much called tidal friction, tidal acceleration or tidal braking. This means that the presence of the moon causes our characteristic 24 hour days to lengthen by around 2.3 milliseconds every century. 7 Taking Newtons third law of equal and opposite reactions into account, the earth is also pushing the moon away by 3.820.007 cm per year as a result of this torque. 7 Would all of this really mean though that without the moon, the earth would be a very different place? Extrapolating back in time to 4 billion years ago tells us that the moon was some 15,000 km closer. Tidal forces would have been gargantuan, with hypothesised constant tsunami waves violate the planet. Perhaps, this would not only have served to shape the landscape by causing erosion, but it would have also dictated when proportions of the land surface would have been colonised enough for life to flourish. In addition, the day would have been much shorter, with the year being around 400 days long due to the faster rotation of the earth. Looking ahead to the future, the earth may very well slow until it reaches the same rotational speed as the moon, and then the exact same kisser of the moon will always face the earth as in the Pluto-Charon arrangement on the outskirts of our solar system. 7 This demonstrates how that over short periods of time, the consequences of the moons presence on the earth are subtle, nigh negligible, but are not to be taken lightly in the (very) long run.Moving on from the tides of the planet, there is another reason in addition to the earlier-discussed Van Allen belts that the moon may well be the reason that life exists on earth as it does today. The axial tilt of the earth (also referred to as obliquity, a Milankovich cycle) is currently measured at 23.4 (and decreasing) between the earths rotational axis and the perpendicular to its orbital plane. 5 Whilst all sizeable bodies in our solar system (such as the sun and the gas giants) have an effect on this angle of tilt, the much closer proximity of the moon means that it is the most regulatory factor in this cosmic gravitational tug-of-war. 5 Figure 3 (left) shows the range between the earths minimum and maximum axial tilt values, for which we have the moon to thank for keeping the planet within those parameters. Without such a valuable sidekick, the tilt of a planetary torso could incline wildly. In fact, there is evidence that Mars has tilted by up to 60 in the past, 5 presumably no thanks to the inferior gravitation of Phobos and Deimos in comparison to our moon. In a more horrific circumstance, computer models have liberated the earth of the moons gravitational effects and shown that it could slant by as much as 85, essentially interchanging the locations of the equat or and the poles 5 The would-be climatic consequences of such an event are naturally rather sketchy, but it is effective to presume that life on land would have been hard-pushed to adapt and may very well have been diminished. 5 Extrapolating from this, perhaps life on earth would be completely different, with organisms such as thermophiles at oceanic ridges, migratory birds and aquatic beings flourishing in the absence of land-dwelling mammals. Its hard to imagine that the moon has the potential to command the diversity of the species in existence on the planet, and that it has been maintaining our climate and giving us our seasons, all due to the fact that it is steadying our axial tilt. This is the reason why the moon is such a prominent part of the Rare Earth hypothesis, which explains how there are many different astrological criteria which must come in concert in order for a planet to prospectively bear life 6 in other words, we owe our existence to the moon. Regardless of ou r location in the galactic liveable zone, our rocky terrain (not gaseous) and the fortune to have evolved beyond microbial life, the arrival of the moon was the ultimate (and perhaps the flukiest) stroke of luck to have ever graced the planet from a human perspective. 6In conclusion, its obvious to draw from these analyses that the earth simply wouldnt be the same without the moon, not only from a geological perspective, but from every perspective conceivable when its role in putting us here in the first place is considered. The moon is receding from our planet, and only time will tell if earth will succumb to life without it.References1 Wieczorek, M. et al. (2006)The constitution and structure of the lunar interior Pages 322-3232 Canup, R.M. (2004) Simulations of a late lunar-forming impactIcarus Issue 168, Pages 433436, 453-4563 Stroud, R. (2009)The Book of the Moon Pages24314 Grotzinger, J. Jordan, T. (2010) Understanding Earth Sixth Edition, Pages 540-5415 Dartnell, L. (2007) Life in the Universe, a Beginners Guide Pages 69-706 Ward, P.D. Brownlee, D. (2000) Rare Earth Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe Pages 191, 194 2007 Chao, B.F. Ray, R.D. (1998) Oceanic tidal angular momentum and Earths rotation variations Page 4038 Glatzmaier, G.A. Roberts, P. H. (1995) A three-dimensional self-consistent computer simulation of a geomagnetic field reversalNature Issue377Pages 203209Image ReferencesFigure 1 http//www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/gallery/Magnetosphere.htmlFigure 2 http//science.howstuffworks.com/moon4.htmFigure 3 http//earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Milankovitch/milankovitch_2.php1

Topology Essay -- Math Mathmatics

TopologyThe two main figures of Topology, the spheroid and the torus. Shown together like this, they create the symbol for the sun in ancient times (2, 1).The field of maths encompasses many different sub-fields which have been studied and researched for a very long time. One of the most intriguing divisions of mathematics is topology. Topology, the mathematical study of the properties of objects which are bear on through deformations, twistings, and stretchings (4, 1), is rooted far back in time so far back that it outdates all recorded history (2, 1). Modern topological mathematics was introduced in the late 19th century by a mathematician named Henri Poincare (2, 2). Poincare PicturesHenri Poincare was born in Nancy, France in 1854. He received his education at The Ecole Polytechnique and the Ecole Superieur des Mines in capital of France (8, 1). Poincare then spent from 1879 to 1896 lecturing and teaching an array of fields ranging from physical and mathematical mechanics to c elestial mechanics at both the University of Caen and the University of Paris. Although Poincare was considered a physicist, his superlative accomplishments came in the fields of topology, differential equations, and probability, all mathematical fields (8,1). Poincares greatest exposure to the public came in 1887, when King Oscar of Sweden announced that he would purity 2,500 crowns to any man who could prove the stability of the orbital dynamics of our solar system. This was a great problem for the mathematicians of the day, and a very significant problem for either being on our Earth (2, 2). If the stability of the orbits could not be proven, one could not rule out the possibility of Earth being hurtled into space by the influence of the other p... ...logy and its functions. Works CitedFauvel, John. Mbius and his Band, Oxford University Press, New York, 1993. Gilmore, Tom. Mathematics of Topology, http//www.tomgilmore.com/z_top.htm, 4 pp., 12/5/99. Klein, http//history.math.c susb.edu/Mathematicians/Klein.html, 2 pp., 12/9/99. Mbius Strip, http//www.treasure-troves.com/math/MoebiusStrip.html, 4 pp., 12/9/99. Paper Strip, http//cut-the-knot.com/do_you_know/paper_strip.html, 5 pp., 12/14/99. Poincare, http//euler.ciens.ucv.ve/English/mathematics/poincare.html, 2 pp., 12/9/99.7. Poincare, Henri, http//www.treasure-troves.com/bios/Poincare.html, 1 p, 12/9/99.8. Poincare, Jules Henri, Microsoft Encarta 1999 ed., Microsoft Inc.9. tarot card FAQ Version 2, http//lonestar.texas.net/r3winter/tarotfaq.html, 12/10/99.Topology, http//www.treasure-troves.com/math/Topology.html, 3 pp., 12/9/99.

Two Associations with the Unencumbered Self Essay -- Philosophy Philos

Two Associations with the Unencumbered SelfThe unencumbered self separates who I am from my attributes and desires. Rawls encounters the unencumbered self in proposing both the veil of ignorance and the end principle both separate the subject from the attributes and ends of the subject. Rawls denies both the utilitarian and libertarian views as practical solutions, and puts in advance the veil of ignorance and difference principle as a third alternative. This paper will begin with briefly describing what Sandel considers the unencumbered self. I will outline utilitarianism and liberalism as theories Rawls rejects, as well as Rawls philosophy as a practical Kantianism. I will identify the unnecessary transition Rawls makes from the veil of ignorance, which has much merit, to the difference principle, which Sandel adequately dissolves. I will address Sandels critique and his fourth alternative, the moderately-encumbered self, and give my impression of a Rawlsian reaction to San dels fourth alternative. In final result I hope to show that Rawls encounters the unencumbered self at the veil of ignorance as well as the difference principle, the former being both relevant and a contribution to political philosophy, and the latter being cogently refuted by Sandel. Sandel describes the unencumbered self as valuing the ability to choose ones own ends, alternatively than valuing specific ends in themselves. The unencumbered self draws a line of distinction between me and my attributes and desires, and presupposes that no project or commitment could weigh so intemperately for me that I would not know who I am without it. Who I am is permanently unchanging, but the ends I desire or the attributes which I possess may be constantl... ... a more moderate view, the moderately-encumbered self, it is one Rawls would not accept because of its deviation from Kantian sacrifice and duty. In presenting the veil of ignorance, Rawls gives us a promoter to arrive at cat egorically worthwhile and acceptable political theories by channeling our inherent selfishness into political philosophy. In presenting the difference principle, Rawls denies an individuals right to fly high from his own assets because he claims our assets are all arbitrarily distributed, but he does not justify sharing with society ones prosperity because that would likewise be equally arbitrary. Sandel presents an alternative that Rawls would reject because it is not in accord with Kantian duty and sacrifice. Works CitedGoodin, Robert and Philip Pettit. Contemporary Political Philosophy An Anthology. Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997.

Maturation Of Scout Essay -- essays research papers

In Harper Lees novel, To Kill A bothersome Bird we fit that maturation of some of the characters is clearly evident, particularly templates. We see this by the way she acts in front of young lady Maudie, Calpurnia and Mrs. Alexandra Finch. Beside her father, Scout probably respects and manages the most is Miss Maudie. The two of them hold in a great kin and they both love each other rattling deeply. When Scout first introduces us to Miss Maudie (in chapter 5), she tells us all the nicest things about her. She talks about how some(prenominal) she and Jem trusted Miss Maudie and what a good friend she was. They trusted her because "she never told on them, never played cat-and-mouse with them, and because she was not at all interested in their private lives", (chp. 5, pg. 44-45) unlike most Maycomb people. This is also why Scout respected Miss Maudie so much and why she told her, "Miss Maudie, you are the best skirt I know" (pg.45). Miss Maudie always made cak es for Scout, Jem and Dill, and she invited them over to eat them and also to play in her backyard. One summer, Scout spent the whole number half of the summer with Miss Maudie. They sat in the front porch, watched the sunset, talked, in like mannerk care of Miss Maudies garden. Thats when Scout became very close to Miss Maudie. Basically, Scout admired Miss Maudie. She was her hero. Calpurnia is a very important character in the novel. Scout has known her her whole life and has basically lived with her, but they werent that close. Scout never liked Calpurnia very much, mostly because she always complained about her behavior. "She was always ordering her out of the kitchen, asking her why she couldnt behave as well as Jem when she knew he was older, and calling her legal residence when she wasnt ready to come. There talking was like battling and one-sided. Calpurina always won, mainly because Atticus always took her side." (pg. 6). Another reason why Scout didnt like Calp urnia is because she made her send writing. Then, when Scouts teacher in grade one found out that Scout can read and when Scout got in trouble for that, she blamed Calpurnia. At that time, she was too young to understand that Calpurnia only tried to help her and teach her so she would be literate and know more useful things. Even though this seems like a negative relationship and seems as if though it can never get better, the relationsh... ...and teaching her how to be a girl. Scout knows that she wont be able to have all the freedom and fun that shes had up until now and this is why she feels so depressed when she sees her aunt sitting in the front porch. She also knows that Aunt Alexandra may have some bad influence on Scouts and Atticuss relationship because Atticus has a lot of respect for his sister and he never confronted her about anything. Scout is afraid because Atticus always takes his sisters side, it could effect the relationship Scout has with her father and that an d this could bring them apart. Throughout the novel, Atticus repeats to Scout an Jem the importance of seeing things from another meridian of view in order to understand what the other person is feeling. The theme of childhood is also another important one. The story takes place over a period of years, and the reader takes part in the adventure of the child growing up in a small Southern town. To Kill A Mocking Bird is a fascinating story about a young girl who sees the town through her little innocent eyes, this novel is a moldiness for everyone to read because it displays racial tensions that are throughout out the town especially the citizens.

Power Relations in Summer of the 17th Doll :: Ray Lawler

Dramatic conflict consists of a struggle for power among characters, and dramatic resolution consists of a shift of power among them. Discuss the conflict and resolution in Summer of The 17th Doll in terms of the power relations in the fetch. The swordplay summer of the 17th doll consists of human racey conflicts, few internal and just about external. Some of these conflicts are resolved and some not. This essay will explore some of the internal conflicts as well as some of the external conflicts and elaborate on their importance to the play. There are a few themes in the play The Summer Of the 17th Doll. Some of these themes are Maturity, Gender stereo types, aging and time, ideals dreams vs. reality, loyalty and least expectation. I believe one of the strongest themes in the play is dreams vs. reality. radiation therapy Lawler gives us a very big hint about what is going to happen in the play at the beginning of the play. Ray Lawler explains how the patio has some plants evad ing the walls. The patio symbolizes the layoff dream and the plans symbolize reality slowly but surely creeping up on them. There are many internal conflicts in the play. One internal conflict in the play is pride. This is best illustrated by Roo. Roos struggle with his pride is evident through out the play. It is so obvious that yet other characters in the play can see it and comment on it. An example of this from the play is when Emma says to roo that his ?dirty lousy rotten pride? is changing the man she used to know. It is the causa for him getting in a tiff with John Dowd. But most of all his pride is the reason he is a disturbed man. His pride has made him stubborn and ignorant to help from other people. Fortunately, he is able to swallow his pride and work as a painter. His pride was the reason for his fall from the cane cutting gang and the reason he left them. In other words, we see the essentially good person (Roo) brought down by their fatal flaw pride.One external co nflict that gives us great insight to the theme of the play is between Olive and Pearl. You could say that olive represents the misrepresentation of the Dream that is known as the layoff season, whereas Pearl symbolizes reality.